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Thinking Point
What does the source tell you about the League of Nations ?
Why couldn't the League of Nations do more to end the hostility
between China and Japan ?
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Source 8
'Let Sam do it'. Cartoon from the New York American, 1931, about the role of the League
of Nations in the Japan-China conflict
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¡Ç¥µ¥à¤Ë¤ä¤é¤»¤í¡Ç£±£¹£³£±Ç¯¤Îthe New York American»æ¤Î°ì¤³¤ÞÌ¡²è
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Poor relations betweem Japan and the West
Western bias made Japan feel more hostile toward the West
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Japan's relations with USA were not good because many Japanese believed that the West
was biased against Japan. You have read about the reasons in Chapter 5. The terms of
the Washington Naval Conference was seen as one example of Western bias. Japanese
nationalists believed that the Brittish and Americans wanted to prevent Japan from
expanding into the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, in December 1934, Japan announced
that it would no longer follow the terms of treaty. This action made war likely because
Japan could then increase the size of its navy and threaten the security of the Asia-
Pacific region.
ÆüËܤÎÂÐ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«´Ø·¸¤Ï¡¢Â¿¤¯¤ÎÆüËܿͤ¬À¾ÍÎ¤ÎÆüËܤؤÎÉÔ¸øÊ¿¤Ê°·¤¤¤ò³Î¿®¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤³¤È¤«¤éÎɹ¥¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£¶µ²Ê½ñ¤ÎÂ裵¾Ï(¤³¤Î°ì¤ÄÁ°¤Î¾Ï¤Ç¤¹¡£¤½¤ÎÆâ¡¢ËÝÌõ¤·¤Þ¤¹)¤Ç¤¢¤Ê¤¿¤Ï¤½¤ÎÍýͳ¤òÆÉ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ï¥·¥ó¥È¥ó³¤·³·³½Ì¾òÌó¤Î¾ò·ï¤¬À¾ÍΤÎÉÔ¸øÊ¿¤Î°ì¤Ä¤ÎÎã¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ÆüËܤÎ̱²¼çµÁ¼Ô¤Ï¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤È¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤¬ÆüËܤΥ¢¥¸¥¢ÂçÍν£¤Ø¤Î³ÈÄ¥¤ò˸¤²¤ë¤³¤È¤ò˾¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤È¿®¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£·ë²Ì¡¢£±£¹£³£´Ç¯£±£²·î¤ËÆüËܤϳ¤·³·³½Ì¾òÌó¤Î¾ò·ï¤Ë¤Ïº£¸å°ìÀÚ½¾¤ï¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤òɽÌÀ¤·¤¿¡£ÆüËܤ¬¤½¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ê³¤·³¤Îµ¬ÌϤòÁý¶¯¤Ç¤­¡¢¥¢¥¸¥¢ÂçÍν£¤Î°ÂÁ´Êݾã¤ò¶¼¤«¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤¿¤³¤È¤«¤é¡¢¤³¤Î¹Ôư¤¬¤ª¤½¤é¤¯¤ÏÀïÁè¤ò°ú¤­µ¯¤³¤¹¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£



Thiking Point
Look at Source 9, how did the Japanese view the West ?
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Source 9
'Let others sweat and toil', a Japanese cartoon
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The League of Nations
The League was too weak to stop Japan's invasion of Manchuria

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The League was set up after World War­µ, to help countries solve their differences
peacefully. Japan' invasion of manchuria in 1931 was a challege to the League of
Nations as Japan was a founding member of the League. It had violated the rules of
the League by invading another country. The diagram below explains why the League
could not stop Japan.
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League's slow response to the crisis
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SEP 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria
DEC 1931 League appointed the Lytton Commission to investigate the invasion
JAN-OCT 1932 Investigation continued
OCT 1932 Report of investigation given to the League
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Members were weak
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The Great Depression weakened the economies of leading members, Britain and France
and so they were unwilling to send troops to fight in China.
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Members put self-interest first
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Britain and France were more concerned with getting their economies to grow again.
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League had no power to prevent attacks
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1932
¡¦Japan ignored the recommendations in the League's report.
¡¦Japan withdrew from the League after it was criticised for invading Manchuria
¡¦The League did nothing and Japanese troops stayed in Manchuria
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The Lytton Commission criticised Japan's annexation of Manchuria. It declared that
Manchukuo was a puppet state. However, it also recognised that between 1905 and 1931,
Japan had invested heavily in Manchuria by building the roads, bridges and railways.
Many Japanese had also set up homes and business there. The Commission recommended
that Manchuria remain a part of China but be allowed to have its own government.
Japan would be allowed to keep its special economic privileges and investments in
Manchuria.
Japan would not accept this recommendation. It withdrew from the League of Nations in
1932. Japanese troops remained in Manchuria. The League took no other action against
Japan. This convinced Japanese military leaders that the Westerns powers were too weak
to prevent the expansion of Japan.
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When the Chinese refused, a further exchange of gunfire between Chinese and Japanese troops
carried on throughout the night and grew into a full-scale Japanese invasion of China.
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These factors are most significant in causing the Marco Pole Bridge Incedent.
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1. The Japanese military
By 1936, the Japanese Army felt that the Chinese had not pit up much of a fight to defend
the Northern Chinese province of Jehol, Hebei and Chahar. Its victories in those provinces
had been easy. Thus, it was not expecting the Chinese government to fight over the Marco
Polo Bridge Incident.
The Japanese high command also felt it was best to invade China while China's economy and
military strength were still weak. The Japanese high command believed Chinese resistance
would collapse within a month.
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2. The international situation
Japan feared a war on two focus - one with China and the other with the Soviet Union.
However, the Stalin's purge of his officer corps in 1937 and the gorowth of German power
in Europe, the Japanese high command felt that there would not be a war on the Russo-
Japanese border. The Western powers were also distractd by events in Europe. This enabled
Japan to concentrate its military resources on defeating China quickly.
£²¡¦¹ñºÝ¾ðÀª
ÆüËܤϰìÊý¤ÏÃæ¹ñ¡¢Â¾Êý¤¬¥½Ï¢¤È¤¤¤¦Æó¤Ä¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¤ÎÀïÁè¤ò¶²¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢£±£¹£³£·Ç¯¤Î¥¹¥¿¡¼¥ê¥ó¤Ë¤è¤ë·³¹â´±¤ÎÂç½ÍÀµ¤ä¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ç¤Î¥É¥¤¥Ä·³»öÎϤÎÁý¶¯¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢¥í¥·¥¢¤ÈÆüËܤιñ¶­¤Ç¤ÎÀïÁè¤ÎËÖȯ¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¤ÈÆüËÜ·³¹â´±¤Ï¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£À¾ÍΤÎÎ󶯽ô¹ñ¤â¤Þ¤¿¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ç¤â½ÐÍè»ö¤ËËׯ¬¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÆüËܤ¬¤½¤Î·³»öÎϤò¿×®¤ËÃæ¹ñ¤òÂǤÁÉ餫¤¹¤³¤È¤Ë½¸Ã椹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£



3. Japanese political control of the Japanese Army in Manchuria was weak.
In many respects, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident was the Mukden Incident all over again.
The Kwantung Army in Manchuria acted on its own accord in Northern China. The Tokyo
government could not prevent the escalation of the war as withdrawal was considered too
humiliating. The Tokyo government also feared that if it did not support the army, it
would face political instability in Japan.
£³¡¦Ëþ½£ÃóÆÖ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÆüËÜ·³¤Ø¤ÎÆüËܤÎÀ¯¼£Åª»ÙÇۤϼ夫¤Ã¤¿¡£Â¿¤¯¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç⺹¶¶»ö·ï¤ÏËþ½£»öÊѤ竤êÊÖ¤·¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£Ëþ½£¤Î´ØÅì·³¤Ï²ÚË̤ˤª¤¤¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ì¼«¿È¤Î°Õ»×¤Çư¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£ÂàµÑ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤¢¤Þ¤ê¤Ë¤â¶þ¿«Åª¤Ç¤¢¤ë¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢ÅìµþÀ¯ÉܤÏÀïÁè¤Î³ÈÂç¤ò»ß¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£ÅìµþÀ¯Éܤâ¤Þ¤¿¡¢·³Éô¤ò»Ù»ý¤·¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤ÎÆüËܹñÆâ¤Ç¤ÎÀ¯¼£Åª¤ÊÉÔ°ÂÄê¤ËľÌ̤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¶²¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£


4. The Japanese zaibutsus
The Japanese zaibatsus were also guilty of war mongering or encouraging war. They saw war
with China as an opportunity to gain China's markets, industries and natural resources.
They saw a chance to destroy Chinese business competition in Nothern and Southern China.
£´¡¦ÆüËܤκâȶ
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­¡ £±£¹£±£°
Japan invaded Korea. It became a Japanese Colony.
£±£¹£±£°Ç¯¡£ÆüËܤ¬Ä«Á¯¤ò¿¯Î¬¡£Ä«Á¯¤ÏÆüËܤο¢Ì±ÃϤˤʤä¿¡£

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Japan gained control of the Liandong Peninsula in South Manchuria as a reward
for supporting Britain and France in World War­µ. The Liandong Peninsula was
under German control before the war.
£±£¹£±£¹Ç¯¡£ÆüËܤÏÂè°ì¼¡À¤³¦ÂçÀï¤Ç¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤È¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¤ò»Ù±ç¤·¤¿´¶¼Õ¤Î¤·¤ë¤·¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢ÆîËþ½£¤ÎÎËÅìȾÅç¤Î»ÙÇÛ¸¢¤ò³ÍÆÀ¤·¤¿¡£ÎËÅìȾÅç¤ÏÀïÁ°¤Ï¥É¥¤¥Ä¤Î»ÙÇÛ²¼¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£

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Japan invaded China, starting the First Sino-Japanese War.
It took over the Chinese Province of Manchuria.
£±£¹£³£±Ç¯¡£ Âè°ì¼¡ÃæÆüÀïÁè(Ëþ½£»öÊÑ)¤¬»Ï¤Þ¤ê¡¢ÆüËܤ¬Ãæ¹ñ¤ò¿¯Î¬¡£Ãæ¹ñ¤ÎËþ½£¤òÀ©°µ¤·¤¿¡£

­¤£±£¹£³£³
The Chinese Northen province of Jehol was invaded and the Hopei region was
demilitarised.
£±£¹£³£³Ç¯¡£ Ãæ¹ñËÌÉô¤ÎÇ®²Ï¾Ê¤¬¿¯Î¬¤µ¤ì¡¢²ÏËÌÃϰè¤ÏÈó·³»ö²½¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£

­¥£±£¹£³£·
Marco Polo Bridge Incident: Full-scale invasion of China(Also Known as the Second
Sino-Japanese War.)
£±£¹£³£·Ç¯¡£ ⺹¶¶»ö·ï¡§Á´ÌÌŪ¤ÊÃæ¹ñ¿¯Î¬(ÂèÆó¼¡ÃæÆüÀïÁè¤È¤âÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë)

­¦£±£¹£³£¸
Most of Northeast and Eastern China under Japanese control.
£±£¹£³£¸Ç¯¡£ ËÌÅìÉô¤ÈÅìÉôÃæ¹ñ¤ÎÂçÉôʬ¤¬ÆüËܤλÙÇÛ²¼¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£

­§£±£¹£´£±
Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbour
£±£¹£´£±Ç¯¡£ ÆüËܤ¬¥Ñ¡¼¥ë¥Ï¡¼¥Ð¡¼¤Î¥¢¥á¥ê¥«³¤·³´ðÃϤò¹¶·â¡£


date Japan gained control
ÆüËܤ¬»ÙÇÛ¸¢¤ò³ÍÆÀ¤·¤¿Æü

Ryukyu Islands 1872
ΰµå½ôÅç £±£¸£·£²Ç¯

Kurile Islands 1875
ÀéÅçÎóÅç £±£¸£·£µÇ¯

Formosa 1895
ÂæÏÑ £±£¸£¹£µÇ¯

karafuto 1905
³òÂÀ £±£¹£°£µÇ¯

Mariana Islands/Marshall Islands/Caroline Island 1914
¥Þ¥ê¥¢¥Ê½ôÅ硦¥Þ¡¼¥·¥ã¥ë½ôÅ硦¥«¥í¥ê¥ó½ôÅç £±£¹£±£´Ç¯


Thinking Point
How does Source 7 support the idea that Japan was building its empire ?
¹Íθ¤¹¤Ù¤­¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥È
¥½¡¼¥¹£·¤ÇÆüËܤ¬¤½¤ÎÄë¹ñ¤ò·úÀߤ¹¤ë°Õ¿Þ¤ò¤É¤¦Î©¾Ú¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©


Source 7
Map showing Japanese Expansion
¥½¡¼¥¹£·
ÃÏ¿Þ¤ÏÆüËܤγÈÄ¥¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë


Who or what should be blamed for the Marco Polo Bridge Incident ?
⺹¶¶»ö·ï¤Ï郎¤Þ¤¿¤Ï²¿¤¬ÈóÆñ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤­¤«¡©


On 7 July 1937, a full-scale war broke out between China and Japan.
It started at the Marco Polo Bridge. When a Japanese soldier went missing during a regular
partrol, the Japanese Army demanded that it be allowed to search the Chinese section for
the missing soldier. When the Chinese refused, both side exchanged fire. The missing soldier
showed up shortly afterwards, but the Japanese demanded that the Chinese withdraw from the
strategic Marco Polo Bridge and the area around te railway bridge.
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