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When the Chinese refused, a further exchange of gunfire between Chinese and Japanese troops
carried on throughout the night and grew into a full-scale Japanese invasion of China.
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These factors are most significant in causing the Marco Pole Bridge Incedent.
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1. The Japanese military
By 1936, the Japanese Army felt that the Chinese had not pit up much of a fight to defend
the Northern Chinese province of Jehol, Hebei and Chahar. Its victories in those provinces
had been easy. Thus, it was not expecting the Chinese government to fight over the Marco
Polo Bridge Incident.
The Japanese high command also felt it was best to invade China while China's economy and
military strength were still weak. The Japanese high command believed Chinese resistance
would collapse within a month.
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2. The international situation
Japan feared a war on two focus - one with China and the other with the Soviet Union.
However, the Stalin's purge of his officer corps in 1937 and the gorowth of German power
in Europe, the Japanese high command felt that there would not be a war on the Russo-
Japanese border. The Western powers were also distractd by events in Europe. This enabled
Japan to concentrate its military resources on defeating China quickly.
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3. Japanese political control of the Japanese Army in Manchuria was weak.
In many respects, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident was the Mukden Incident all over again.
The Kwantung Army in Manchuria acted on its own accord in Northern China. The Tokyo
government could not prevent the escalation of the war as withdrawal was considered too
humiliating. The Tokyo government also feared that if it did not support the army, it
would face political instability in Japan.
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4. The Japanese zaibutsus
The Japanese zaibatsus were also guilty of war mongering or encouraging war. They saw war
with China as an opportunity to gain China's markets, industries and natural resources.
They saw a chance to destroy Chinese business competition in Nothern and Southern China.
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