Two MSCs lead cell-based therapy

肝細胞リスト　ヒト　mnm manami ohno 大野

Fri, 09 Nov 2018 11:32:18 +0900

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sWqIThSLhtpRIj_3S6c3dCAFxf3A1wTX/view?usp=sharing

肝細胞　不死化肝細胞　不死化　by Toru kiyono and ohno

Fri, 09 Nov 2018 11:26:23 +0900

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2wW8_6bjQN2ZEwyb2NRdm1rSDA/view?usp=sharing

nibio cell list まとめておいてくれたのね。　ありがとう。小原さん。

Sat, 21 Apr 2018 12:54:47 +0900

http://cellbank.nibiohn.go.jp/legacy/cellinfo/ncchd.html

Mesenchymal stromal cell

Sun, 01 Apr 2018 12:08:42 +0900

Mesenchymal stromal cellっていう言葉を私は最近使う。mesenchymeとstromaの区別つかないなとおもっていたけど、同じ意味なんだな。場所や状況に応じて使い分けているだけみたい。mesenchymeという場合は、マトリックスを含むような記述もあるけど、stromaだって同じだよね。だから、mesenchymal stromal って、同じ意味の言葉を繰り返している。もっと言えば、読む人がその方がわかりやすいっていってことだろう。

なお、MSCって、mesenchymal stromal cell, mesenchymal stem cell, marrow stromal cellの三つがあるので、これからは Three MSCsって言おうかね。

Mensenchyme 間葉と stroma 間質　の　関係

Sun, 01 Apr 2018 12:04:21 +0900

間葉と間質って同じ意味なんだな。以下の記述と、一つ前のstomaに関する記述見るとおんなじだし。

Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo. It is composed mainly of ground substance with few cells or fibers.

Mesenchyme is a type of animal tissue comprised of loose cells embedded in a mesh of proteins and fluid, called the extracellular matrix. The loose, fluid nature of mesenchyme allows its cells to migrate easily and play a crucial role in the origin and development of morphological structures during the embryonic and fetal stages of animal life. Mesenchyme directly gives rise to most of the body’s connective tissues, from bones and cartilage to the lymphatic and circulatory systems. Furthermore, the interactions between mesenchyme and another tissue type, epithelium, help to form nearly every organ in the body.

Although most mesenchyme derives from the middle embryological germ layer, the mesoderm, the outer germ layer known as the ectoderm also produces a small amount of mesenchyme from a specialized structure called the neural crest. Mesenchyme is generally a transitive tissue; while crucial to morphogenesis during development, little can be found in adult organisms. The exception is mesenchymal stem cells, which are found in small quantities in bone marrow, fat, muscles, and the dental pulp of baby teeth.

Mesenchyme forms early in embryonic life. As the primary germ layers develop during gastrulation, cell populations lose their adhesive properties and detach from sheets of connected cells, called epithelia. This process, known as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, gives rise to the mesodermal layer of the embryo, and occurs many times throughout development of higher vertebrates. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions play key roles in cellular proliferation and tissue repair, and are indicated in many pathological processes, including the development of excess fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis) and the spread of disease between organs (metastasis). The reverse process, the mesenchymal-epithelial transition, occurs when the loose cells of mesenchyme develop adhesive properties and arrange themselves into an organized sheet. This type of transition is also common during development, and is involved in kidney formation.

The concept of mesenchyme has a long history, which has shaped our modern understanding of the tissue in many ways. In 1879, Charles Sedgwick Minot, an anatomist based out of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, first described what he termed mesamoeboids, the cellular portion of what would soon come to be recognized as mesenchyme. Minot found these cells in the context of histological studies of mesoderm. He understood the loose, mobile cells of mesenchyme as primitive representatives of the mesoderm, but did not consider these cells as a type of tissue. Two years after Minot’s recognition of mesamoeboids, Oscar and Richard Hertwig, two brothers and doctoral students of Ernst Haeckel at the University of Jena in Jena, Germany, coined the term mesenchyma in their publication Die Coelomtheorie. Versucheiner Erklärung des mittleren Keimblattes (Coelom Theory: An attempt to explain the middle germ layer), and they used it to describe the type of tissue that was comprised of the amoeboid cells that Minot had portrayed. The Hertwig brothers established that mesenchyme originates from mesoderm, and they situated this relationship in the broader context of the development of the coelom, a fluid-filled body cavity. Their Die Coelomtheorie also advanced the idea that the three germ layers maintain separate identities and develop distinct tissues and organs, a concept known as germ-layer theory.

In 1888, N. Katschenko suggested that mesenchyme found in the region of the head originated from the neural crest, an ectodermal derivative, effectively expanding the tissue’s origins beyond that of a single germ layer. Five years later, Harvard Medical School doctoral student Julia Platt, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, provided evidence based on her studies of Necturus maculosus embryos, a type of aquatic salamander, that the mesenchyme that developed into the skeletal elements of the branchial arches derived from ectoderm. Platt’s 1893 publication, “Ectodermic Origin of the Cartilages of the Head,” and her conclusions about the ectodermal origins of mesenchyme in the head region, and thus skeletal and cartilaginous tissues of the skull, went against the entrenched germ-layer theory and the mesodermal origins of mesenchyme advocated by the Hertwig brothers in their 1881 Die Coelomtheorie. Platt’s findings were rejected by many established embryologists who upheld the theory of integrity of the germ layers.

In the years following Platt’s publication, several other embryologists identified ectodermal origins for mesenchyme and its derivative skeletal elements in the head region of fish and birds. It was not until nearly thirty years after Platt’s initial publication that independent studies demonstrated a major ectodermal contribution to mesenchyme. In 1921, while investigating the limits of neural crest in the formation of cerebral ganglia in Urodeles, commonly known as salamanders, Francis Landacre at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, showed the ectodermal origin of cranial mesenchyme. Landacre’s work was followed by other studies which further concluded an ectodermal component of mesenchyme. The idea that mesenchyme in the cranial region derived from neural crest was finally abrogated in the 1940s by the independent research of embryologists Sven Hörstadius at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden, and Gavin de Beer at the University College in London, England.

Soon after the debate over ectodermal mesenchyme ended, research on the role of mesenchyme during development erupted. By the 1960s, embryologists realized that mesenchyme, in combination with epithelium, played an essential role in the morphogenesis of many organs during embryonic and fetal development. Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions form nearly every organ of the body, from hair and sweat glands to the digestive tract, kidneys, and teeth.

In 1969, Edward Kollar and Grace Baird from the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, designed a series of experiments to understand how mesenchyme and epithelium work together when cells differentiate, and how the two tissues combine to make embryonic structures. Their research drew on a long history of investigating tissue interactions during morphogenesis, and especially on the 1954 work of John Cairn at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, and John Saunders, at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Cairn and Saunders recognized that mesoderm holds the inductive stimulus within interactions between mesoderm and epithelium. Using tooth development as a model system, Kollar and Baird provided evidence that mesenchyme drives both induction and differentiation during epithelio-mesenchymal interactions, and is thus the tissue that confers structural specificity during these interactions, or determines what structure will form. Kollar and Baird published their findings in 1969 in “The Influence of the Dental Papilla on the Development of Tooth Shape in Embryonic Mouse Tooth Germs,” and in 1970 in “Tissue Interactions in Embryonic Mouse Tooth Germs.”

Shortly before Kollar and Baird published their account of epithelio-mesenchymal interactions, Alexander Friedenstein discovered mesenchymal stem cells in mice (Mus musculus). In publications from 1966 through 1987, Friedenstein, in conjunction with his peers at the University of Moscow in Moscow, Russia, provided evidence from transplantation experiments that stem cells taken from bone marrow can differentiate into mesenchymal tissues, such as fat, bone, and cartilage. These cells came to be known as mesenchymal stem cells, and have subsequently been found in blood, cartilaginous, skeletal, and fatty tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells provide a reservoir of reserve cells that the body can use for normal or pathological tissue regeneration and repair. The abilities of mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into different tissues, known as cell potency, has been a cause of debate in recent years, leading researchers to question whether these cells are truly multipotent, and can give rise to multiple cells types. The potential multipotency of mesenchymal stem cells, in conjunction with their presence in adult organisms, has made them an attractive alternative to embryonic stem cells for research on tissue regeneration.

Current research on mesenchyme spreads across many biological fields. The focus of mesenchyme research, however, divides between two general interests: the role and expression of mesenchyme-specific genes during development, including pathological processes, and the locations and capabilities of mesenchymal stem cells. While some still investigate mesenchyme at the tissue level, the two current focuses reflect a trend towards the analysis and understanding of molecular-level mechanisms by which mesenchyme functions during development. Beginning with the definition by the Hertwig brothers, mesenchyme research has moved from anatomical investigations in developing embryos, to cellular contributions for organ formation and tissue level interactions, and now to the genetic mechanisms of development and tissue repair.

There is historical continuity within mesenchyme research, but there remain vestiges of the controversy that surrounded this tissue in the late nineteenth century. In her 1893 article in which she introduced the biological community to the ectodermal origins of mesenchyme in the head region, Julia Platt also suggested a change in terminology. Mesenchyme of ectodermal origins she specified by the term mesectoderm, while mesodermal mesenchyme she called mesendoderm. The medical community, especially pathologists, still employs this distinction between mesenchymal sources, only referring to a tissue as mesenchyme if it is derived from mesoderm. Pathologists maintain the distinction because the mesenchymal source determines the type and behavior of a disease. Meanwhile, developmental biologists tend to recognize mesenchyme by a single name, regardless of source.

The study of mesenchyme has a long history, from mesenchyme's recognition within the framework of germ-layer theory, to controversy about mesenchyme's origins, to uncovering mesenchyme's roles in morphogenesis and its capacity to produce stem cells. This history is in part due to the fact that mesenchyme is crucial for embryonic growth and development, as well as maintenance of connective tissues in adulthood. The loose nature of cells within mesenchyme allows the tissue to move and to be molded. During embryogenesis, mesenchymegives rise to the body’s connective tissues, from cartilage and bone to fat, muscle, and the circulatory system. Meanwhile, nearly every organ forms through epithelio-mesenchymal interactions, in which mesenchyme provides both the inductive stimulus and determines the path of differentiation. Although little mesenchyme remains in the body during adulthood, the final remnants of this tissue, mesenchymal stem cells, allow connective tissues to repair and regenerate.

Sources

Cairns, John M, and John W. Saunders. “The Influence of Embryonic Mesoderm on the Regional Specification of Epidermal Derivatives in the Chick.” Journal of Experimental Zoology 127 (1954): 221–48.
Friedenstein, Alexander, I. Piatetzky-Shapiro, and Klara Petrakova. “Osteogenesis in Transplants of Bone Marrow Cells.” Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 16 (1966): 381–90.
Gilbert, Scott. Developmental Biology. 8th edition. Massachusetts: Sinauer, 2003.
Hall, Brian K. “The Neural Crest and Neural Crest Cells: Discovery and Significance for Theories of Embryonic Organization.” Journal of Biosciences 3 (2008): 781–93.
Hertwig, Oscar, and Richard Hertwig. Die Coelomtheorie. Versucheiner Erklärung des mittleren Keimblattes [Coelom Theory: An Attempt to Explain the Middle Germ Layer]. Jena: Fischer, 1881.http://books.google.com/books?id=KOhOAAAAMAAJ&ots=x5r19l0yfu&dq=oscar%20hertwig&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=oscar%20hertwig&f=false (Accessed September 14, 2012).
Katschenko, N. “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Selachierembryos [On the Develomental Hisotry of Selacian Embryos].” Anatomischer Anzeiger [Anatomical Gazette] 3 (1888): 445–67.
Kollar, Edward J., and Grace R. Baird. “The Influence of the Dental Papilla on the Development of Tooth Shape in Embryonic Mouse Tooth Germs.” Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 21 (1969): 131–48.
Kollar, Edward J., and Grace R. Baird. “Tissue Interactions in Embryonic Mouse Tooth Germs: I. Reorganization of the Dental Epithelium during Tooth-Germ Reconstruction.” Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 24 (1970): 159–70.
Kollar, Edward J., and Grace R. Baird. “Tissue Interactions in Embryonic Mouse Tooth Germs: II. The Inductive Role of the Dental Papilla.” Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 24 (1970): 173–86.
Le Lièvre, Christiane, and Nicole Le Douarin. “Mesenchymal Derivatives of the Neural Crest: Analysis of Chimaeric Quail and Chick Embryos.” Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 34 (1975): 125–54.
Minot, Charles Sedgwick. “Preliminary Notice of Certain Laws of Histological Differentiation.” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History XX (1879): 202–9.
Platt, Julia. “Ectodermic Origin of the Cartilages of the Head.” Anatomischer Anzeiger [Anatomical Gazette] 8 (1893): 506–9.

間質細胞　stroma stromal cell cells

Sun, 01 Apr 2018 11:51:23 +0900

間質

ストローマ，基質ともいう．臓器に固有の細胞群に対し，その間に入り込む結合組織などで，血管，神経，膠原繊維，線維芽細胞など．

出典　朝倉書店

生体内のある機能をもつ組織や器官などの実質を、支えたり結合させたりする組織。血管や神経などを含む。

Wikipedia

stromal cells

There are multiple ways of classifying tissues: one classification scheme is based on tissue functions and another analyzes their cellular components. Stromal tissue falls into the "functional" class that contributes to the body's support and movement. The cells which make up stroma tissues serve as a matrix in which the other cells are embedded. Stroma is made of various types of stromal cells. Stroma (from Greek στρῶμα, meaning 'layer, bed, bed covering') is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, ducts, etc. The other part, the parenchyma, consists of the cells that perform the function of the tissue or organ.

Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, lymph node and the ovary. They are cells that support the function of the parenchymal cells of that organ. Fibroblasts and pericytes are among the most common types of stromal cells.

The interaction between stromal cells and tumor cells is known to play a major role in cancer growth and progression. In addition, by regulating local cytokine networks (e.g. M-CSF, LIF), bone marrow stromal cells have been described to be involved in human haematopoiesis and inflammatory processes.

Stromal cells (in the dermis layer) adjacent to the epidermis (the very top layer of the skin) release growth factors that promote cell division. This keeps the epidermis regenerating from the bottom while the top layer of cells on the epidermis are constantly being "sloughed" off the body. Certain types of skin cancers (basal cell carcinomas) cannot spread throughout the body because the cancer cells require nearby stromal cells to continue their division. The loss of these stromal growth factors when the cancer moves throughout the body prevents the cancer from invading other organs.

Stroma is made up of the non-malignant cells, but can provide an extracellular matrix on which tumor cells can grow.

これから先の政局を動かすのは、「事実」ではなく「感想」なのだ。

Sun, 01 Apr 2018 11:39:54 +0900

これから先の政局を動かすのは、「事実」ではなく「感想」なのだ。本当のことだと思う。気をつける。

コピペ間質細胞

Wed, 28 Mar 2018 21:17:35 +0900

（ＣＮＮ）米ニューヨーク大学などの研究チームが、体内の「間質」と呼ばれる空間の構造と分布に関する詳細を研究し、「人体の新しい器官を発見した」として、２７日の学術誌に論文を発表した。人体で最大の器官かもしれないとの見方も示しているが、この説に対して異論を唱える専門家もいる。

間質は、全身の組織と組織の間の液体で満たされた空間をさす。間質組織や間質液については従来から知られていたが、今回の研究では、これまで認識されていなかった人体の機能が解明されたとして、間質を「器官」と呼ぶことを提唱した。

「当初我々は、これを単なる間質組織と考えていた。だが器官とは何かという定義に踏み込むと、器官とは単一構造または単一構造をもつ組織、あるいは単一機能をもつ組織だという考え方に突き当たる」。ニューヨーク大学のニール・シース教授はそう解説し、間質はその両方に当てはまると指摘した。

「この構造はどこを見ても同じで、我々が解明し始めた機能も同じだった」と同教授は述べ、「これは皮膚よりも大きいと思う」と語る。

人体で最大の器官と考えられているのは、体重のおよそ１６％を占める皮膚。だが間質の場合、シース教授の推定で体重の２０％を占め、若者の身体では約１０リットル分に相当する。

シース教授の研究チームは、共焦点レーザーエンドマイクロスコープと呼ばれる技術を使った高性能の顕微鏡で、ヒトの胆管の生きた健康な組織を調べた。組織のサンプルは、ニューヨーク市内の病院で膵臓（すいぞう）の手術を受けた患者１３人から採取した。

組織を蛍光液に浸して詳しく観察したところ、液体がたまる部分に空間があることが判明。こうした組織はそれまで、顕微鏡で調べると脱水状態になって厚い層のように見えていた。間質は脱水のためにつぶれて、これまでは気付かれていなかったという。

「生きた組織を共焦点レーザーエンドマイクロスコープ顕微鏡で観察することで、その空間が拡張され、液体で満たされていることがはっきりした」「一度見たものを忘れることはできない」（シース教授）

間質の真の機能や、体内のほかの部位への影響、「器官」と位置付けるかどうかの論議については、さらなる研究が必要とされる。

イエール大学のマイケル・ネサンソン教授は間質について、「それ自体が新しい器官なのではなく、さまざまな器官の間にある新しい部位だと考える」と話す。

今回の研究では、間質空間ががん細胞の拡散を助け、がんが体内で転移する導管の役割を果たしている可能性があることも分かった。間質液を調べれば、がんの診断に役立つかもしれないとシース教授は述べ、がんだけでなく、ほかの疾患や体内の機能に関する医師の考え方を変えさせる可能性もあると話している。

ヒトES細胞と再生医療のシンポジウム。日本橋（東京）。月曜日。

Sat, 03 Mar 2018 15:37:24 +0900

http://www.procomu.jp/esct2018/

上のサイトから登録をよろしく願い上げる次第であります。

特定の仮説を立てずに、探索研究を行っています。

Sun, 28 Jan 2018 12:20:51 +0900

特定の仮説を立てずに、探索研究を行っています。なになにの本体を追求していく上では、意味のある作業仮説を事前に立てることが難しいと感じたためです。

Two MSCs lead cell-based therapy

肝細胞リスト ヒト mnm manami ohno 大野

肝細胞 不死化肝細胞 不死化 by Toru kiyono and ohno

nibio cell list まとめておいてくれたのね。 ありがとう。小原さん。