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Νῦν δέ, περὶ ψυχῆς τὰ λεχθέντα συγκεφαλαιώσαντες, εἴπωμεν πάλιν ὅτι ἡ ψυχὴ τὰ ὄντα πώς ἐστι πάντα·
Japanese translation
さて、今まで霊魂について言われたことを総合して今一度、霊魂は或る意味でこの世に存在するあらゆるものである、と言おう。 ἢ γὰρ αἰσθητὰ τὰ ὄντα ἢ νοητά, ἔστι δ' ἡ ἐπιστήμη μὲν τὰ ἐπιστητά πως, ἡ δ' αἴσθησις τὰ αἰσθητά·
Japanese translation :
というのも、この世に存在する物事は感覚能力の対象であるか心（知る能力）の対象であるかどちらかだから。で、心（知る能力）は心の対象（知られるもの）であると言いうるし、感覚能力は感覚対象であると言える。 πῶς δὲ τοῦτο, δεῖ ζητεῖν. τέμνεται οὖν ἡ ἐπιστήμη καὶ ἡ αἴσθησις εἰς τὰ πράγματα, ἡ μὲν δυνάμει εἰς τὰ δυνάμει, ἡ δ' ἐντελεχείᾳ εἰς τὰ ἐντελεχείᾳ· τῆς δὲ ψυχῆς τὸ αἰσθητικὸν καὶ τὸ ἐπιστημονικὸν δυνάμει ταὐτά ἐστι, τὸ μὲν <τὸ> ἐπιστητὸν τὸ δὲ <τὸ> αἰσθητόν. ἀνάγκη δ' ἢ αὐτὰ ἢ τὰ εἴδη εἶναι. αὐτὰ μὲν δὴ οὔ· οὐ γὰρ ὁ λίθος ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, ἀλλὰ τὸ εἶδος· ὥστε ἡ ψυχὴ ὥσπερ ἡ χείρ ἐστιν· καὶ γὰρ ἡ χεὶρ ὄργανόν ἐστιν ὀργάνων, καὶ ὁ νοῦς εἶδος εἰδῶν καὶ ἡ αἴ- σθησις εἶδος αἰσθητῶν.
Japanese translation:
で、それはどのような意味でであるか、調べないといけない。 心（知る能力）と感覚能力は次のような対象に向けられる、つまり、これらの能力が現実には働いていない（＝外界に対して働いていない）ときは現実ではない（＝外界ではない）対象に*1、これらの能力が現実に働いているときは現実の対象に向けられる。 (*1 phantasia のことを言っているらしい。phantasia とか phantasma というのは、感覚能力が働いていないときに認識される幻、外的ではない対象のこと。）
だから、霊魂の感覚能力と知的能力が現実に（＝外界に対して）働いていないときも、これらの能力は知られるものおよび感覚されるものであるわけだけれども、そのときこれらの能力はこれらのものそのものなのか、それともそれらの似姿、幻なのか？そのものではない。霊魂の中にあるのは石そのものではなく、石の幻である。 霊魂は手のようなものと言えよう。手はすべての道具を使う道具であるが、心（知的能力）はあらゆる幻（＝外界ではなく、心の中に現れるもの）となって見える幻であり、感覚能力はあらゆる感覚されるもののように見える幻である。*1 (*1 eidos を pantasia, phantasma と同じことを指すと見て 「幻」と訳した。）
ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐδὲ πρᾶγμα οὐθὲν ἔστι παρὰ τὰ μεγέθη, ὡς δοκεῖ, τὰ αἰσθητὰ κεχωρισμένον, ἐν τοῖς εἴδεσι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τὰ νοητά ἐστι, τά τε ἐν ἀφαιρέσει λεγόμενα καὶ ὅσα τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἕξεις καὶ πάθη.
Japanese translation :
何物も空間的サイズ・・・これは感覚能力で察知される・・・なしには存在しない、と思われるが、感覚能力で察知されるものには知る能力（心）の対象が内在している。知る能力の対象つまり抽象的なもの、例えば感覚される物体の「性質」である。（「抽象」というのは、或るものから特定の側面または性質を抽き出すこと、例えばソクラテスから「色白さ」を、りんごから「赤さ」を抽出すること。また、或るものからすべての性質を取り去って、その本質だけを取り出すこと、例えばソクラテスから「色白さ」や「醜さ」を取り去って、「人間」だけを取り出すこと。 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε μὴ αἰσθανόμενος μηθὲν οὐθὲν ἂν μάθοι οὐδὲ ξυνείη, ὅταν τε θεωρῇ, ἀνάγκη ἅμα φάντασμά τι θεωρεῖν· τὰ γὰρ φαντάσματα ὥσπερ αἰσθήματά ἐστι, πλὴν ἄνευ ὕλης.
Japanese translation :
そしてこういう理由で、何も感覚していない人は、知る能力でも何も察知することがない、何も知ることがないのであり、また、彼が知る能力を使って（感覚される物体から抽象された性質や実体を）考えるとき、彼は同時に幻をも見ているのである。つまり、幻というのは感覚される物体の代わりとして心の中に生じるもの・・・物体とはちがって質料（空間的広がり）はない・・・だから。 ἔστι δ' ἡ φαντασία ἕτερον φάσεως καὶ ἀποφάσεως· συμπλοκὴ γὰρ νοημάτων ἐστὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἢ ψεῦδος. τὰ δὲ πρῶτα νοήματα τί διοίσει τοῦ μὴ φαντάσματα εἶναι; ἢ οὐδὲ ταῦτα φαντάσματα, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἄνευ φαντασμάτων.
Japanese translation :
しかし心の中に現れる幻は、「〜は・・・だ」とか「〜は・・・でない」とかいった命題とはちがう。命題は、正しかったりまちがっていたりするが、知る能力（心）の対象の組み合わせだからだ。知る能力（心）の対象・・・命題の要素・・・はどうして、どんな理由で「幻」とちがうのだろうか？とにかく知る能力の対象は幻とはちがう。けれども幻なしには心に浮かばない。 |
GreekDeAnima 3:8
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ἔστι δ' ἡ φαντασία ἕτερον φάσεως καὶ ἀποφάσεως· συμπλοκὴ γὰρ νοημάτων ἐστὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἢ ψεῦδος. τὰ δὲ πρῶτα νοήματα τί διοίσει τοῦ μὴ φαντάσματα εἶναι; ἢ οὐδὲ ταῦτα φαντάσματα, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἄνευ φαντασμάτων.
+ phasis : (phe^mi) LSJ 1. utterance, expression
/ LSJ 2. statement, proposition --- comprehending both kataphasis (affirmation) and apophasis (denial) --- opposite to ze^ta^sis (questioning) / LSJ 2.2 = kataphasis --- opposite to apophasis / LSJ 3. mere assertion without proof + cf. phasis : (phainomai) appearance (of stars, the sun, a person) + cf. phasma : (phaino^) apparition, phantom, specter / appearance, phenomenon / (in shows and mysteries) image or type of reality + apophasis : (apophe^mi) denial, negation --- opp. to kataphasis
+ cf. apophasis : (apophaino^) sentence,decision / 3. assertion, judgement / 3.b. answer --- pros... / 5. = phasma (appearance, image --- especially, tou he^liou + sumploke^ : intertwining, entanglement + noe^ma : this means "the object of mind", that is "the abstracted things", that is to say, qualities and substance of a sense-object, which are abstractly thought of + ale^the^s : true --- to ale^thes (the true proposition) + pseudos : falsehood, false proposition + pro^tos : LSJ 1.3. (of Order) first --- ta p. to^n onomato^n (the firsts of the names, the first parts of the speech) --- en tois p. logois (in the earlier books, in the first parts of the discussion) / LSJ 1.3.b. (in Philosophy) first in the order of existence, primary / LSJ 1.4. (of Rank or Dignity) first / LSJ 2.4. neuter, plural "pro^ta" in Philosophy, primary things, elements / LSJ 2.5. neuter, plural "pro^ta", in Logic, the first undemonstrable propositions, on which all future conclusions rest / LSJ 3.a. neuter singular or plural "pro^ton, pro^ta" as adverb, first, in the first place + dioisei : future of "diaphero^" (differ) + diaphero^ : --- (used with infinitive + <me^ ou>) mone^i te^i morphe^i me^ ouchi probata einai d. (they did not seem not to be sheep = they seemed to be sheep) + dioisei tou me^ ... : See Smyth for <me^ AND me^ ou WITH THE INFINITIVE> (1630 and after), especially 1632 in which it is written as follows. 1. eirgei me me^ graphein (he hinders me from writing) 2. eirgei me graphein (the same) 3. eirgei me to me^ graphein (the same) 4. eirgei me to graphein (the same) 5. eirgei me tou me^ graphein (the same) 6. eirgei me tou graphein (the same) etc. No. 5 resembles this passage in construction. + e^ : an exclamation, to call a person's attention to a thing English translation :
But we have to note that, the phantom appearing in the mind is different from propositions like "this is A" or "this is not A". That is to say, the proposition which is sometimes true, sometimes false is a combination of the objects of mind. Now, in what way do the objects of mind (= substance or qualities abstracted from sense-objects) which are the elements of a proposition, differ from being phantoms (phantom = a sense-object appearing in the mind) ? Anyway, they are not phantoms, but, they do not appear without the phantoms. Japanese translation :
しかし心の中に現れる幻は、「〜は・・・だ」とか「〜は・・・でない」とかいった命題とはちがう。命題は、正しかったりまちがっていたりするが、知る能力（心）の対象の組み合わせだからだ。知る能力（心）の対象・・・命題の要素・・・はどうして、どんな理由で「幻」とちがうのだろうか？とにかく知る能力の対象は幻とはちがう。けれども幻なしには心に浮かばない。 |
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καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε μὴ αἰσθανόμενος μηθὲν οὐθὲν ἂν μάθοι οὐδὲ ξυνείη, ὅταν τε θεωρῇ, ἀνάγκη ἅμα φάντασμά τι θεωρεῖν· τὰ γὰρ φαντάσματα ὥσπερ αἰσθήματά ἐστι, πλὴν ἄνευ ὕλης.
+ mathoi : aor 2. (emathon) opt. of manthano^
+ manthano^ : to learn, esp. by inquiry / (in aor.) to have learnt, i.e. to know, understand / to perceive by the senses, notice + xuneie^ : opt. of xunie^mi + xunie^mi : to perceive, hear (+ acc. or + gen.) / to understand (+ acc. or + gen.) --- (without acc. or gen.) to be intelligent + theo^re^i : subj. of theo^reo^ + theo^reo^ : to look at, see, behold / to see by the mind, contemplate (regarding the previous sentence, this is the meaning of theo^reo^ here, indicating to contemplate abstractly on the qualities or substance of a thing.) + phantasma : phantasm, phantom / mere image, unreality + ple^n : except, save "all are bad save...", "no one is good except...", "he is not bad except..." --- only, albeit --- (simply for "de") but English translation :
And by this reason, the person who is not perceiving anything by the sense would notice nothing nor perceive by the mind anything, and whenever he contemplates (on the abstracted qualities or abstracted substance of sense-objects) he must be at the same time seeing by the mind some phantom of sense-object (sense-object as a vague whole, without any part being abstracted ?). For, the phantoms appearing in mind act like sense-objects, albeit without matter (= spatial existence). Japanese translation :
そしてこういう理由で、何も感覚していない人は、知る能力でも何も察知することがない、何も知ることがないのであり、また、彼が知る能力を使って（感覚される物体から抽象された性質や実体を）考えるとき、彼は同時に幻をも見ているのである。つまり、幻というのは感覚される物体の代わりとして心の中に生じるもの・・・物体とはちがって質料（空間的広がり）はない・・・だから。 |
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ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐδὲ πρᾶγμα οὐθὲν ἔστι παρὰ τὰ μεγέθη, ὡς δοκεῖ, τὰ αἰσθητὰ κεχωρισμένον, ἐν τοῖς εἴδεσι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τὰ νοητά ἐστι, τά τε ἐν ἀφαιρέσει λεγόμενα καὶ ὅσα τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἕξεις καὶ πάθη.
English translation :
Though nothing is separate from the spatial size --- as I suppose --- which is perceived by the sense, in the sense-perceived shapes there inhere mind-perceived objects, such as mentioned by abstraction, that is to say, as the sense-perceived things' qualities. ("Abstraction" means to pick out a particular aspect or quality from the whole existence, like picking out whiteness from Socrates, redness from an apple, or, to take away aspects or qualities from a whole existence, like taking away all qualities so as to reach the fundamental substance, like taking away "whiteness" and "ugliness" and so on from Socrates, and picking out only "human being"..) Japanese translation :
何物も空間的サイズ・・・これは感覚能力で察知される・・・なしには存在しない、と思われるが、感覚能力で察知されるものには知る能力（心）の対象が内在している。知る能力の対象つまり抽象的なもの、例えば感覚される物体の「性質」である。（「抽象」というのは、或るものから特定の側面または性質を抽き出すこと、例えばソクラテスから「色白さ」を、りんごから「赤さ」を抽出すること。また、或るものからすべての性質を取り去って、その本質だけを取り出すこと、例えばソクラテスから「色白さ」や「醜さ」を取り去って、「人間」だけを取り出すこと。 |
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ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐδὲ πρᾶγμα οὐθὲν ἔστι παρὰ τὰ μεγέθη, ὡς δοκεῖ, τὰ αἰσθητὰ κεχωρισμένον, ἐν τοῖς εἴδεσι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τὰ νοητά ἐστι, τά τε ἐν ἀφαιρέσει λεγόμενα καὶ ὅσα τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἕξεις καὶ πάθη.
+ para + acc. : LSJ the heading 3.2 "(metaphorical use of "past, beyond") over and above, in addition to"
--- ouk esti para tauta alla (there is not other things in addition to those) --- para tauta panta heteron ti (something other than all those) / LSJ the heading 1.8 "(with verbs of estimating) to set <at> so and so, to hold <as equivalent to> something", --- there is a use with "einai" beside the verbs of estimating like "agein", "tithenai", "poieisthai". --- para ouden esti (is equivalent to nothing) --- para ouden autais e^n an ollunai poseis (it might be equivalent to nothing for them if they lost their husband) --- ou para mega esesthai to ptaisma (the failure will not be equivalent to a big one) + to megethos : LSJ 2. (of quality and degree) greatness, magnitude --- pono^n (of labor, toil) --- te^s paranomia^s (of transgression, disorder) --- te^s kolaseo^s (of punishment) / 3. (of Mathematics) magnitude ; extension, extent --- megethos echein (having magnitude) + cho^rizo^ : LSJ 1. (in local sense) separate, divide
--- cho^rizo^ te^n psuche^n tou so^matos (separate the soul from the body) --- apo tou so^matos te^n psuche^n (separate the soul from the body) --- sophon panto^n kecho^rismenon (the wise separated from all) --- panta kata phulas (divide all by race) / LSJ 2. separate in thought = distinguish --- distinguish A and B in passive, "be different" --- kecho^ridatai (Ionic pf.) pollon to^n allo^n anthro^po^n (be much different from other people) opposite word : suncheo^ (to confound, commingle), sunkechumenos (confounded, commingled) + to eidos : shape, form, figure (probably indicating the same thing as megethos above)
+ aphairesis : LSJ 1. taking away, carrying off, removal
opposite word : prosthesis (adding, addition) / LSJ 2. (in Logic) abstraction especially, ta ex aphaireseo^s (mathematics) opposite word : prosthesis : addition / (in Aristotle's logic) addition of marks, i.e. properties, accidents to determine a general term --- eg. adding a description of accidents to the substance, adding "white" or "tall" to "the man" --- aphairesis is the opposite process, like, taking away the notion of "white" and "tall" from "a white and tall man", or picking out only "white" from it. + cf. aphaireo^ : LSJ 1. take away from (a. ti tini, a. ti tonos, a. tina ti, a. ek tinos, etc.)
/ LSJ 2. set aside --- krea (set aside the meat) / LSJ 2.b. exclude, separate --- to Helle^nikon ho^s hen apo panto^n aphairountes cho^ris (separating the Greek people as a whole from all other) / LSJ 3. (in Mathematics) subtract / LSJ 4. (in Logic) abstract + hosa and hoson :
--- in this passagge we can understand an omittion like "hosa (ta noe^ta esti) to^n aisthe^to^n hexeis kai pathe^ " / LSJ 4-1. so far as, so much as --- ou mentoi ego^ toson aitios eimi, hoson hoi alloi (I am not so much blameworthy as others) --- parenthetic phrase such as "as far as I know" >> hoson m' eidenai (+ infinitive) >> hoson ego^ge gigno^sko^ (+ indicative) / LSJ 4-2 : only so far as, only (as a condition) --- hoson ek Phoinike^s es Kre^te^n (only the length of from Phoenicia to Krete) --- philosophias, hoson paideias charin, metechein (to be engaged in philosophy only for the sake of education) + hexis : LSJ 2. a being in a certain condition, a permanent state as produced by practice
--- different from schesis + cf. schesis : LSJ 1. state, condition --- opposite to hexis (constittution or temperament, which is permanent) --- said of temporary, passing conditions
/ LSJ 2.generally, nature, quality --- esthe^tos (of dress) --- biou (of life) --- kreadia droso^de^ te^n schesin (loaves of meat moist in quality) / LSJ 3. relation --- pros ti --- schesin adelphike^n echein pros tina (friendlily disposed toward somebody) + hexis : LSJ 1. state or habit (of body)
--- hexis hugieie^ (healthy state) generally, condition --- to^i therme^n hexin echonti (a thing which is in a hot condition) outward appearance --- he^ tou so^matos hexis kreisso^n (the strong appearance of the body) + to pathos : LSJ 3.3 properties, qualities of things --- opposite to ousia (substance)
--- pathos legetai(is called) poiote^s(property) kath' he^n(by which) alloiousthai(to be different = difference) endechetai(happens), hoion(for example) to leukon(being white = whiteness) kai to melan(blackness), kai gluku (sweetness) kai pikron(bitterness), kai barute^s(heaviness) kai kouphote^s(lightness) / LSJ 3.1 condition, state / LSJ 3.2 incidents of things, changes or happenings occurring in things --- ta ourania pathe^ (the changes in the sky) --- ta peri ton ouranon pathe^ (the changes in the sky) |
