±Ñ¸ìʸ¸¥¾Ò²ð

[ ¥ê¥¹¥È | ¾ÜºÙ ]

º£¡¢À¤³¦¤ÇÏÃÂê¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ö°åÎÅ´Ø·¸¤Î³¤³°Ê¸¸¥¡×¤Î¥µ¥Þ¥ê¡¼¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤³¤¦¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
Ãøºî¸¢¤ÎÌäÂê¤ËÃí°Õ¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢½Ðŵ¤òÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æ¡¢¤Ç¤­¤ë¤À¤±¤ï¤«¤ë¤ä¤¹¤¯¥¢¥Ã¥×¤·¤Æ¤¤¤³¤¦¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
µ­»ö¸¡º÷
¸¡º÷

Á´1¥Ú¡¼¥¸

[1]

UKPDS

¥¤¥á¡¼¥¸ 1

¡ÚUKPDS¸¶Ê¸¡Û
Risk factors for renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: u.k. Prospective diabetes study 74.
Retnakaran R, Cull CA, Thorne KI, Adler AI, Holman RR.

Not all patients with type 2 diabetes develop renal dysfunction. Identifying those at risk is problematic because even microalbuminuria, often used clinically as an indicator of future renal dysfunction, does not always precede worsening renal function. We sought to identify clinical risk factors at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes associated with later development of renal dysfunction. Of 5,102 U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) participants, prospective analyses were undertaken in those without albuminuria (n = 4,031) or with normal plasma creatinine (n = 5,032) at diagnosis. Stepwise proportional hazards multivariate regression was used to assess association of putative baseline risk factors with subsequent development of albuminuria (microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria) or renal impairment (Cockcroft-Gault estimated creatinine clearance <60 ml/min or doubling of plasma creatinine). Over a median of 15 years of follow-up 1,544 (38%) of 4,031 patients developed albuminuria and 1,449 (29%) of 5,032 developed renal impairment. Of 4,006 patients with the requisite data for both outcomes, 1,534 (38%) developed albuminuria and 1,132 (28%) developed renal impairment. Of the latter, 575 (51%) did not have preceding albuminuria. Development of albuminuria or renal impairment was independently associated with increased baseline systolic blood pressure, urinary albumin, plasma creatinine, and Indian-Asian ethnicity. Additional independent risk factors for albuminuria were male sex, increased waist circumference, plasma triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HbA(1c) (A1C), increased white cell count, ever having smoked, and previous retinopathy. Additional independent risk factors for renal impairment were female sex, decreased waist circumference, age, increased insulin sensitivity, and previous sensory neuropathy. Over a median of 15 years from diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, nearly 40% of UKPDS patients developed albuminuria and nearly 30% developed renal impairment. Distinct sets of risk factors are associated with the development of these two outcomes, consistent with the concept that they are not linked inexorably in type 2 diabetes.
¡ÚÂÐÌõ¡Û
Á´¤Æ¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×2ÅüǢɴµ¼Ô¤¬¡¢¿Õ¡µ¡Ç½¾ã³²¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¥ß¥¯¥í¥¢¥ë¥Ö¥ß¥óÇ¢¾É¡Ê¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¾­Íè¤Î¿Õ¡µ¡Ç½¾ã³²¤Î»ØÉ¸¤È¤·¤ÆÎ×¾²Åª¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡Ë¤µ¤¨°­²½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¿Õµ¡Ç½¤Ëɬ¤º¤·¤âÀè¹Ô¤·¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢´í¸±¤Ë¤µ¤é¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¤½¤ì¤é¤òÆÃÄꤹ¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÌäÂê¤ò´Þ¤ß¤Þ¤¹¡£²æ¡¹¤Ï¡¢2¤Ä¤ÎÅüǢɤ¬¿Õ¡µ¡Ç½¾ã³²¤Î¸å¤Îȯã¤È·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤¿¥¿¥¤¥×¤Î¿ÇÃǤÇÎ×¾²´í¸±°ø»Ò¤ò³Îǧ¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£5,102¿Í¤ÎU.K. Prospective Diabetes Study¡ÊUKPDS¡Ë»²²Ã¼Ô¤Î¡¢¾­Íè¤ÎʬÀϤ¬ÃÁÇòÇ¢¡Ên = 4,031¡Ë¤Î¤Ê¤¤¤½¤ì¤é¤Ç¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¡¢¿ÇÃǤÎÄ̾ï¤Î¥×¥é¥º¥Þ¥¯¥ì¥¢¥Á¥Ë¥ó¡Ên = 5,032¡Ë¤Ç¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¡£ÈæÎãStepwise¤Ï¡¢Â¿ÊÑÎ̸åÂबÃÁÇòÇ¢¡Ê¥ß¥¯¥í¥¢¥ë¥Ö¥ß¥óÇ¢¾É¤Þ¤¿¤Ïmacroalbuminuria¡Ë¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¿Õ¡¾ã³²¡Ê¥³¥Ã¥¯¥¯¥í¥Õ¥È-¥´¡¼¥ë¥È¤Ï¡¢¥×¥é¥º¥Þ¥¯¥ì¥¢¥Á¥Ë¥ó¤Î¥¯¥ì¥¢¥Á¥Ë¥ó¥¯¥ê¥¢¥é¥ó¥¹60ml/ºÇ¾®¸ÂÅÙ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÇÜÁý¤ò¿äÄꤷ¤Þ¤·¤¿¡Ë¤Î°Ê¹ß¤Îȯã¤Ç¿äÄê¤Î¥Ù¡¼¥¹¥é¥¤¥ó´í¸±°ø»Ò¤Î¶¦Æ±¤òɾ²Á¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤¿¤ÈÅö¤Æ¿äÎ̤ǸÀ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£15ǯ¤Î¥Õ¥©¥í¡¼¥¢¥Ã¥×¤ÎÃæ±ûʬΥÂӤξå¤Ë¡¢4,031¿Í¤Î´µ¼Ô¤Î¤¦¤Á¤Î1,544¿Í¡Ê38%¡Ë¤Ï¡¢ÃÁÇòÇ¢¤È5,032¤Îȯ㤷¤¿¿Õ¡¾ã³²¤Î¤¦¤Á¤Î1,449¡Ê29%¡Ë¤ò¸½¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£Î¾Êý¤Î·ë²Ì¤Î¤¿¤á¤ÎɬÍפʥǡ¼¥¿¤ò¤â¤Ä4,006¿Í¤Î´µ¼Ô¤Î¡¢1,534¤Î¡Ê38%¡Ëȯ㤷¤¿ÃÁÇòÇ¢¤È1,132¡Ê28%¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¿Õ¡¾ã³²¤ò¸½¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¸å¼Ô¤Î¡¢575¡Ê51%¡Ë¤ÏÁ°¤ÎÃÁÇòÇ¢¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£ÃÁÇòÇ¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¿Õ¡¾ã³²¤Îȯã¤Ï¡¢Áý²Ã¤·¤¿¥Ù¡¼¥¹¥é¥¤¥ó¼ý½Ì´ü¤Î·ì°µ¡¢Ç¢¥¢¥ë¥Ö¥ß¥ó¡¢¥×¥é¥º¥Þ¥¯¥ì¥¢¥Á¥Ë¥ó¤È¥¤¥ó¥É¤Î¥¢¥¸¥¢¤Î̱²À­¤ÈÆÈΩ¤·¤Æ´Ø·¸¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£ÃÁÇòÇ¢¤ËÂФ¹¤ë¹¹¤Ê¤ëÆÈΩ´í¸±°ø»Ò¤ÏÃËÀ­¡¢Áý²Ã¤·¤¿¥¦¥¨¥¹¥È±ß¼þ¡¢¥×¥é¥º¥Þ¥È¥ê¥°¥ê¥»¥ê¥É¡¢£Ì£Ä£Ì¥³¥ì¥¹¥Æ¥í¡¼¥ë¡¢HbA¡Ê1c¡Ë¡ÊA1C¡Ë¡¢Áý²Ã¤·¤¿Çò¤¤ºÙ˦¿ô¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¥¹¥â¡¼¥¯¤Ç¡¢Á°¤ÎÌÖËì¾É¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¿Õ¡¾ã³²¤ËÂФ¹¤ë¹¹¤Ê¤ëÆÈΩ´í¸±°ø»Ò¤Ï¡¢½÷À­¡¢¸º¾¯¤·¤¿¥¦¥¨¥¹¥È±ß¼þ¡¢Ç¯Îð¡¢Áý²Ã¤·¤¿¥¤¥ó¥¹¥ê¥ó´¶¼õÀ­¤ÈÁ°¤Î´¶³Ð¤Î¿À·Ð¾ã³²¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¥¿¥¤¥×2ÅüǢɤοÇÃǤ«¤é¤Î15ǯ¤ÎÃæ±ûÃͤξå¤Ë¡¢¤Û¤Ü40%¤ÎUKPDS´µ¼Ô¤ÏÃÁÇòÇ¢¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¤Û¤Ü30%¤Ï¿Õ¡¾ã³²¤ò¸½¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£´í¸±°ø»Ò¤Î°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤¿½¸¹ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Î2¤Ä¤Î·ë²Ì¤ÎȯŸ¤È´Ø·¸¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¢Èà¤é¤¬¥¿¥¤¥×2ÅüǢɤÇÍÆ¼Ï¤Ê¤¯·ë¤Ð¤ì¤Ê¤¤³µÇ°¤È°ìÃפ·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£

Rimm E.B.JAMA. 1998 Feb 4;279(5):359-64.

¥¤¥á¡¼¥¸ 1

¡ûÍÕ»À¤È´§Æ°Ì®¼À´µ¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Îʸ¸¥¤ò¡¢²¼µ­¤Ë¾Ò²ð¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
¤¿¤À¡¢ËÝÌõ¤Ï¤á¤Á¤ã¤¯¤Á¤ã¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢°ÕÌ£¹ç¤¤¤Ï²¼µ­»²¹Í¥ê¥ó¥¯¤ò¤´»²¾È²¼¤µ¤¤¡£
¡Ú»²¹Í¥ê¥ó¥¯¡ÛEBM-willbunÍÕ»À¤È´§Æ°Ì®¼À´µ
¡ûFolate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women.
CONTEXT: Hyperhomocysteinemia is caused by genetic and lifestyle influences, including low intakes of folate and vitamin B6. However, prospective data relating intake of these vitamins to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) are not available. OBJECTIVE: To examine intakes of folate and vitamin B6 in relation to the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and fatal CHD. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PATIENTS: In 1980, a total of 80082 women from the Nurses' Health Study with no previous history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes completed a detailed food frequency questionnaire from which we derived usual intake of folate and vitamin B6. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Nonfatal MI and fatal CHD confirmed by World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: During 14 years of follow-up, we documented 658 incident cases of nonfatal MI and 281 cases of fatal CHD. After controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, including smoking and hypertension and intake of alcohol, fiber, vitamin E, and saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fat, the relative risks (RRs) of CHD between extreme quintiles were 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.87) for folate (median intake, 696 microg/d vs 158 microg/d) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.53-0.85) for vitamin B6 (median intake, 4.6 mg/d vs 1.1 mg/d). Controlling for the same variables, the RR was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.41-0.74) among women in the highest quintile of both folate and vitamin B6 intake compared with the opposite extreme. Risk of CHD was reduced among women who regularly used multiple vitamins (RR=0.76; 95% CI, 0.65-0.90), the major source of folate and vitamin B6, and after excluding multiple vitamin users, among those with higher dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B6. In a subgroup analysis, compared with nondrinkers, the inverse association between a high-folate diet and CHD was strongest among women who consumed up to 1 alcoholic beverage per day (RR =0.69; 95% CI, 0.49-0.97) or more than 1 drink per day (RR=0.27; 95% CI, 0.13-0.58). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that intake of folate and vitamin B6 above the current recommended dietary allowance may be important in the primary prevention of CHD among women.
¡û½÷À­¤Î´Ö¤Î´§¾õư̮À­¿´Â¡ÉÂ¤Î´í¸±À­¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥À¥¤¥¨¥Ã¥È¤ÈÊä½õ¿©Éʤ«¤é¤ÎÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6
¡ÚÇØ·Ê¡Û
¹â¥Û¥â¥·¥¹¥Æ¥¤¥ó·ì¾É¤Ï¡¢ÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤ÎÄ㤤ºÎÍѼԤò´Þ¤à°äÅÁ»Ò¤Î¤ª¤è¤Ó¥é¥¤¥Õ¥¹¥¿¥¤¥ë±Æ¶Á¤Ëµ¯°ø¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥ó¤ÎÀݼèÎ̤ò´§¾õư̮À­¿´Â¡É¡ÊCHD¡Ë¤Î´í¸±À­¤È´ØÏ¢¤Å¤±¤ë¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ï¤Þ¤À¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
¡ÚÌÜŪ¡Û
ÈóÃ×»àÀ­¿´¶Ú¹¼ºÉ¡ÊMI¡Ë¤ÈÃ×̿Ū¤ÊCHD¤ÎȯÉÂΨ¤Ë´Ø¤·¤ÆÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤ÎºÎÍѼԤò¸¡ºº¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¡£
¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó¡§Á°¸þ¤­¥³¥Û¡¼¥È¸¦µæ¡£
¥»¥Ã¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¤È´µ¼Ô¡§¿´·ì´É¼À´µ¤ÎÁ°¤ÎÉÂÎò¤Î¤Ê¤¤¡ÖNursesHealth Study¡×¤«¤é¤Î¡¢¹ç·×80082¤Î½÷À­¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¢¥¬¥ó¡¢¹â¥³¥ì¥¹¥Æ¥í¡¼¥ë·ì¾É¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÅüǢɤˤĤ¤¤Æ¡¢²æ¡¹¤¬ÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤ÎÉáÄ̤ÎÀݼèÎ̤ò°ú¤­½Ð¤·¤¿»ÆºÙ¤Ê¿©ÊªÉÑÅÙ¥¢¥ó¥±¡¼¥È¤Ëµ­Æþ¤·¤Æ¤â¤é¤Ã¤¿¡£
¥ª¥¦¥È¥«¥àÀßÄê¡§WHO´ð½à¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ³Î¤«¤á¤é¤ì¤ëÃ×̿Ū¤Ç¤Ê¤¤MI¤ÈÃ×̿Ū¤ÊCHD
¡Ú·ë²Ì¡Û
14ǯ¤Î¥Õ¥©¥í¡¼¥¢¥Ã¥×¤Î´Ö¡¢²æ¡¹¤ÏÃ×̿Ū¤Ç¤Ê¤¤MI¤Î658¤Î»ö·ï¥±¡¼¥¹¤ÈÃ×̿Ū¤ÊCHD¤Î281¤Î¾ÉÎã¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¸¡Æ¤¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¿´·ì´É´í¸±°ø»Ò¡ÊµÊ±ì¤È¹â·ì°µ¤È¥¢¥ë¥³¡¼¥ë¤ÎÀݼèÎ̤ò´Þ¤à¡Ë¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Ë°Ï¤ޤ¿¤ÏÉÔ˰ÏÂúÁǤò¿¤¯´Þ¤ó¤À¡¢Á¡°Ý¡Ê¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥ó£Å¡Ë¤È»éËäò¥³¥ó¥È¥í¡¼¥ë¤·¤¿¸å¤Ë¡¢¶Ëü¤Ê¸Þʬ°Ì¿ô¤Î´Ö¤ÎCHD¤ÎÁêÂÐ´í¸±ÅÙ¡ÊRRs¡Ë¤Ï¡¢ÍÕ»À¡ÊÃæ±ûÀݼèÎÌ¡¢696¤Îmicrog/dÂÐ158¤Îmicrog/d¡Ë¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î0.69¡Ê95%¤Î¿®Íê¶è´Ö[CI]¡¢0.55-0.87¡Ë¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¡ÊÃæ±ûÀݼèÎÌ¡¢4.6mg/dÂÐ1.1mg/d¡Ë¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î0.67¡Ê95%¤ÎCI¡¢0.53-0.85¡Ë¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£
¤Þ¤¿¡¢ÊÑ¿ô¤ò¥³¥ó¥È¥í¡¼¥ë¤·¤Æ¡¢RR¤ÏÈæ³Ó¤·¤ÆÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤ÎÀݼèÎ̤ǺǤâ¹â¤¤¸Þʬ°Ì¿ô¤Î½÷À­¤Î´Ö¤Î0.55¡Ê95%¤ÎCI¡¢0.41-0.74¡Ë¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£
CHD¤Î´í¸±À­¤Ï¡¢Äê´üŪ¤ËÊ£¿ô¤Î¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥ó¤ò»È¤Ã¤¿½÷À­¤Î´Ö¤Ç¸º¤ë·¹¸þ¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¡ÊRR=0.76;95%¤ÎCI¡Ê0.65-0.90¡Ë¡Ë¡¢ÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤Î¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Ê£¿ô¤Î¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥ó¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤ò½ü³°¤·¤¿¸å¤Î¼çÍפʸ»¡ÊÍÕ»À¤È¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤Î¤è¤ê¹â¤¤¿©»öÀݼèÎ̤ˤè¤ë¤½¤ì¤é¤Î´Ö¤Î¡Ë¡£¥µ¥Ö¥°¥ë¡¼¥×ʬÀϡʶؼò²È¤ÈÈæ³Ó¤·¤Æ¡Ë¤Ë¡¢¹â¤¤ÍÕ»À¥À¥¤¥¨¥Ã¥È¤ÈCHD¤Î´Ö¤ÎµÕ¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ï¡¢1Æü¤Ë¤Ä¤­ºÇ¹â1ÇդΥ¢¥ë¥³¡¼¥ë°ûÎÁ¤ò°û¤ó¤À½÷À­¤Î´Ö¤ÇºÇ¤â¶¯¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦·ë²Ì¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¡ÊRR =0.69;95%¤ÎCI¡¢0.49-0.97¡Ë¤Þ¤¿¤Ï1Æü¤Ë¤Ä¤­1Çհʾå¤Î°ûʪ‖¡ÊRR=0.27;95%¤ÎCI¡¢0.13-0.58¡Ë¡£
¡Ú·ëÏÀ¡Û¤³¤ì¤é¤Î·ë²Ì¤ÏÍÕ»À¤ÎÀݼèÎ̤ò°Å¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¸½ºß¤Î¿äÁ¦¤µ¤ì¤¿±ÉÍܽêÍ×Î̤è¤ê¾å¤Î¥Ó¥¿¥ß¥óB6¤Ï½÷À­¤ÎÆâ¤Î°ì¤ÄCHD¤Î¼çÍפÊͽËɤˤª¤¤¤Æ½ÅÍפ«¤â¤·¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£

Managed Care?

¥¤¥á¡¼¥¸ 1

¡ÚManaged Health Care Plans¡Û
What is managed health care?
It¡Çs a system that controls the financing and delivery of health services to members who are enrolled in a specific type of healthcare plan.
The goals of managed health care are to ensure that...

providers deliver high-quality care in an environment that manages or controls costs. 
the care delivered is medically necessary and appropriate for the patient¡Çs condition. 
care is rendered by the most appropriate provider. 
care is rendered in the most appropriate, least-restrictive setting. 

 What are the major types of managed care plans?
­¡Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) 
­¢Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) 
­£Point-of-Service (POS) plans 
­¤Each of these systems has distinctive features or characteristics.
¡ÚÂÐÌõ-ľÌõ¡Û
´ÉÍý¤µ¤ì¤¿·ò¹¯´ÉÍý¤È¤Ï¡¢²¿¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©
¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¢¡Ö¶âÍ»¤ò´ÉÍý¤¹¤ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¡×¤È¡Ö¥Ø¥ë¥¹¥±¥¢·×²è¡×¤ÎÆÃÄê¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ë²ÃÆþ¤¹¤ë¥á¥ó¥Ð¡¼¤Ø¤Î¸ø¶¦°åÎŤΥǥê¥Ð¥ê¡¼¤Ç¤¹¡£
´ÉÍý¤µ¤ì¤¿·ò¹¯´ÉÍý¤Î¥´¡¼¥ë¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤ò³Î¼Â¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹...?

¥×¥í¥Ð¥¤¥À¡¼¤Ï¡¢·ÐÈñ¤ò´ÉÍý¤¹¤ë¤«¡¢¤ª¤µ¤¨¤ë´Ä¶­¤Ç¡¢¹âÉʼÁ¤Î¥±¥¢¡ÊÀ¤Ïáˤò´µ¼Ô¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤Þ¤¹¡£
²Ã¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¥±¥¢¤Ï¡¢°å³ØÅª¤ËɬÍפǡ¢´µ¼Ô¤Î¾õÂÖ¤ËŬÀڤǤ¹¡£
¥±¥¢¤Ï¡¢ºÇ¤âŬÅö¤Ê¥×¥í¥Ð¥¤¥À¡¼¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
¥±¥¢¤Ï¡¢ºÇ¤âŬÅö¤Ê¡¢ºÇ¤â¾¯¤Ê¤¤À©¸ÂŪ¤Ê¾ò·ï¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£

´ÉÍý°åÎŷײè¤Î¼ç¤Ê¥¿¥¤¥×¡Êµ¡´Ø¡Ë¤Ï¡¢²¿¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©
­¡Health Maintenance Organizations(HMO)
­¢Preferred Provider Organizations(PPO)
­£Point-of-Service¡ÊPOS¡Ë·×²è
­¤¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Î³Æ¡¹­¡¡Á­£¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¼¨º¹ÅªÆÃħ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÆÃħ¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡Ú¤Ò¤é¤ê¤µ¤ó¤ÎËÝÌõ¡Û[http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/hirohirari ¤Ò¤é¤ê¤µ¤ó¥Ö¥í¥°]
¥Þ¥Í¡¼¥¸¥É¥Ø¥ë¥¹¥±¥¢¡Ê·Ð±Ä·ò¹¯´ÉÍý¡Ë¤È¤Ï²¿¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¢ÆÃÄê¤Î¥Ø¥ë¥¹¥±¥¢¥×¥é¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤ï¤ë¿Í¤Ø¤ÎºâÀ¯´ÉÍý¤È°åÎÅ¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹¤Ç¤¹¡£·Ð±Ä·ò¹¯´ÉÍý¤ÎÌÜɸ¤Ï°Ê²¼¤ÎÌÜŪ¤òËþ¤¿¤¹¤³¤È¤Ç¤¹¡¦¡¦¡¦¡Ê°åÎÅ¡ËÄó¶¡¼Ô¤¬¥³¥¹¥È´ÉÍý¤äºï¸º¤ò¤·¡¢¹âÉʼÁ¤Î¥±¥¢¤ò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¡£¤½¤Î¥±¥¢¤ÏºÇ¤âŬÀÚ¤ÊÄ󶡼Ԥˤè¤Ã¤Æ¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¡£¤½¤Î¥±¥¢¤Ï¡¢ºÇ¤âŬÀÚ¤ÇÀ©¸Â¤Î¤Ê¤¤¾õ¶·¤Ç¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¡£¥Þ¥Í¡¼¥¸¥É¥±¥¢¥×¥é¥ó¡Ê·Ð±Ä°åÎŷײè¡Ë¤Î¼ç¤Êµ¡´Ø¤Ï¡¢²¿¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©­¡­¢­£¡£­¤¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÁÈ¿¥¤ÏÆÈÆÃ¤ÎÆÃħ¡¦ÆÃÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡Ú¤Ò¤é¤ê¤µ¤ó¤Î¥Ö¥í¥°¡Û¤Ò¤é¤ê¤µ¤ó¥Ö¥í¥°
¡Ú»²¹Í¥ê¥ó¥¯¡Û
Managed Health Care Plans (American Heart Association)

Á´1¥Ú¡¼¥¸

[1]


.
evi*e*ce319*
evi*e*ce319*
ÃËÀ­ / Èó¸ø³«
¿Íµ¤ÅÙ
Yahoo!¥Ö¥í¥°¥Ø¥ë¥× - ¥Ö¥í¥°¿Íµ¤Å٤ˤĤ¤¤Æ

¥Ö¥í¥°¥Ð¥Ê¡¼

Æü ·î ²Ð ¿å ÌÚ ¶â ÅÚ
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30

ɸ½à¥°¥ë¡¼¥×

¸¡º÷ ¸¡º÷

¤è¤·¤â¤È¥Ö¥í¥°¥é¥ó¥­¥ó¥°

¤â¤Ã¤È¸«¤ë

[PR]¤ªÆÀ¾ðÊó

¤Õ¤ë¤µ¤ÈǼÀÇ¥µ¥¤¥È¡Ø¤µ¤È¤Õ¤ë¡Ù
11¡¿30¤Þ¤Ç£µ¼þǯµ­Ç°¥­¥ã¥ó¥Ú¡¼¥óÃæ¡ª
Amazon¥®¥Õ¥È·ô1000±ßʬÅö¤¿¤ë¡ª

¤½¤Î¾¤Î¥­¥ã¥ó¥Ú¡¼¥ó


¤ß¤ó¤Ê¤Î¹¹¿·µ­»ö