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A cluster is a geographically proximate group of interconnected
companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by
commonalities and complementarities.)
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The belief that social responsibility lies outside a business¡Çs primary
profit-making agenda is embedded in the tools managers use to chart
their strategies. The most influential of those tools is Michael Porter¡Çs
famous ¡Èfive forces¡É theory of industry structure. In his 1980 book
Competitive Strategy and its 1985 follow-up Competitive Advantage,
Porter argued that the scope of industry competition — and thus the
field of strategy-making — was much broader than previously assumed.
A company doesn¡Çt just compete against its immediate rivals. It also
competes for profits with potential new rivals as well as with customers,
suppliers, and substitute products. ¡ÈThe five forces,¡É wrote Porter,
¡Èdetermine industry profitability because they influence the prices, costs,
and required investment of firms in an industry—the elements of return
on investment.¡É It¡Çs only through a careful analysis of the forces that a
company can understand how to position itself within its industry to
maximize its profits.
(»²¹Í¡§¥Ý¡¼¥¿¡¼¤Î½ÅÍ×Ãø½ñ)
¡ùCompetitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and
competitors, Free Press, 1980.¡¡¡Ø¶¥Áè¤ÎÀïά¡Ù¡¢ÅÚ´ôº¥¡¦ÃæÄÔèß¼£¡¦ÉþÉô¾ÈÉ×Ìõ¡¢¥À¥¤¥ä¥â¥ó¥É¼Ò, 1985
¡ùCompetitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior
performance, Free Press, 1985.¡¡¡Ø¶¥ÁèÍ¥°Ì¤ÎÀïά¡½¡½¤¤¤«¤Ë¹â¶ÈÀÓ¤ò»ý³¤µ¤»¤ë¤«¡Ù¡¢ÅÚ´ôº¥¡¦ÃæÄÔèß¼£¡¦¾®Ìî»ûÉðÉ×Ìõ¡¢¥À¥¤¥ä¥â¥ó¥É¼Ò, 1985
¡ù On competition, Harvard Business School Publishing, 1998.¡¡
¡Ø¶¥ÁèÀïάÏÀ¡Ù¡¢ÃÝÆâ¹°¹âÌõ¡¢¥À¥¤¥ä¥â¥ó¥É¼Ò, 1999