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¡¡ ÃËÀ­¤¬»ý¤ÄÀ­À÷¿§ÂΤǤ¢¤ë£ÙÀ÷¿§ÂÎY sex chromosome /króʊməsòʊm/¤Ï¤É¤ó¤É¤ó¾®¤µ¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤º¤ì¾ÃÌǤ·¡¢¡ÖÃˤÏÀäÌǤ¹¤ë¡× male will become extinct
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Male Y chromosome extinction theory challenged

By Neil Bowdler
Men may not become extinct after all, according to a new study.
Previous research has suggested the Y sex chromosome, which only
men carry, is decaying genetically so fast that it will be extinct in five
million years' time.
A gene within the chromosome is the switch which leads to
testes /
t́ɛst̀iz/¥­¥ó¥¿¥Þ development and the secretion /sɪkríːʃən/
ʬÈç of male hormones. /hˈɔːməʊn/
But a new US study in Nature suggests the genetic decay has all but
ended.
Professor Jennifer Graves of Australian National University has
previously suggested the Y chromosome may become extinct in as
little as five million years' time, based on the rate at which genes are
disappearing from the chromosome.
Genetics professor Brian Sykes predicted the demise of the Y
chromosome, and of men, in as little as 100,000 years in his 2003
book Adam's Curse: A Future without Men.
The predictions were based on comparisons between the human X
and Y sex chromosomes. While these chromosomes were once
thought to be identical far back in the early history of mammals,
the Y chromosome now has about 78 genes, compared with about
800 in the X chromosome.
The Y is not going anywhere and gene loss has probably come to a
halt¡É
End Quote Dr Jennifer Hughes Whitehead Institute, Cambridge,
Massachusetts

Jennifer Hughes and colleagues at the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, have sought to determine whether rumours of the Y chromosome's demise have been exaggerated.
In a previous Nature paper in 2005, they compared the human Y chromosome with that of the chimpanzee, whose lineage diverged from that of humans about six million years ago.
They have now sequenced the Y chromosome of the rhesus monkey, which is separated from humans by 25 million years of evolution.
The conclusion from these comparative studies is that genetic decay has in recent history been minimal, with the human chromosome having lost no further genes in the last six million years, and only one in the last 25 million years.
"The Y is not going anywhere and gene loss has probably come to a halt," Dr Hughes told BBC News. "We can't rule out the possibility it could happen another time, but the genes which are left on the Y are here to stay.
"They apparently serve some critical function which we don't know much about yet, but the genes are being preserved pretty well by natural selection."
X-Y crossing
Most humans cells contain 23 sets of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes. In women, this sex pair consist of two X chromosomes, while men have one X and one Y chromosome. It is a gene within the Y chromosome which triggers the development in the embryo of male testes and the secretion of male hormones.
Genetic deterioration of the Y chromosome has occurred because unlike with the two X chromosomes in women, there is very little swapping of genetic material between the Y and X chromosome during reproduction. This means mutations and deletions in the Y chromosome are preserved between (male) generations.
"The X is fine because in females it gets to recombine with the other X but the Y never gets to recombine over almost its entire length, and shutting down that recombination has left the Y vulnerable to all these degenerative /dɪdʒénərèɪɪv, ¡¾n(ə)rə¡¾/Âಽ¤Î forces," said Dr Hughes, "which is why we're left with the Y we have today."

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»²¹Í¡ÊWiki¡Ë : The multiverse (or meta-universe, metaverse) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists and can exist: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James. The various universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes.
The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", and "dimensional planes," among others.
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