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Agency Law and State Action Doctrine

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¡ÖOf particular importance is agency law¡Çs approach to principal control. At first glance, agency¡Çs insistence on principal control appears problematically akin to current doctrine¡Çs insistence on identifying government involvement ¡½ either participation in specific private acts or more general pervasive entwinement in the private entity ¡½ before finding state action.¡×
Gillian E. Metzger¡ÖPrivatization as Delegation.¡×COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW¡¡Vol. 103:1367¡¢ 2003ǯ¡¢1464ÊÇ¡£

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¡ÉIf anyone thinks he is something when he is nothing, he deceives himself.¡É¡ÊGalatians 6¡§3¡Ë

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¡¡Metzger¶µ¼ø¤â°Ê²¼¤Ç½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ëÄ̤ꡢ¥¹¥Æ¥¤¥È¡¦¥¢¥¯¥·¥ç¥óË¡Íý¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤â¸ø»ä¶èʬ¤¬ºÇ¤âÆñ´Ø¤ÊÌäÂê¤Î°ì¤Ä¤À¤È²ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

"Over the years, numerous scholars have bemoaned the inadequacies of current state action doctrine and proposed alternative approaches. Two very different lines of criticism are evident in the literature. The first argues that the concept of a distinction between state action and private action is fundamentally flawed, and that courts should cast it aside as a threshold inquiry in constitutional litigation. The second takes a more moderate tack, seeking to reform the current doctrine from within by targeting particular aspects of the way the Court determines if private action should be deemed public for constitutional purposes."
Gillian E. Metzger¡ÖPrivatization as Delegation.¡×COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW¡¡Vol. 103:1367¡¢ 2003ǯ¡¢1446ÊÇ¡£


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¡ÉIn his heart a man plans his course, but the LORD determines his steps.¡É¡ÊProverbs 16:9¡Ë
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¡¡¹âËý¤Ë¤Ê¤é¤º¡¢ËèÆü¤Ç¤­¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃå¼Â¤Ë¿Ê¤á¤Æ¤¤¤­¤¿¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£

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"Pride goes before destruction, a haughtly spirit before a fall." (Proverbs 16:18)

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¡¡°ú¤­Â³¤­¡¢Metzger¶µ¼ø¤Îʸ¸¥¡Ê¡ÖPRIVATIZATION AS DELEGATION¡×¡Ë¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¤¤è¤¤¤è´û¸¤Î¥¹¥Æ¥¤¥È¡¦¥¢¥¯¥·¥ç¥óË¡Íý¤Ø±Ô¤¯ÀÚ¤ì¹þ¤ß¤Ï¤¸¤á¤Þ¤¹¡£

¡Écentral question is how well current state action doctrine succeeds in ensuring constitutional accountability in a world of privatized government. In what follows, I argue that current doctrine is fundamentally ill-suited to this task, because it ignores the way that privatization gives private actors control over government programs and resources, focusing instead on identifying government involvement in specific private acts. As a result, current doctrine is a very poor measure of when government power is being exercised.¡É
¡ÊGillian E. Metzger¡ÖPrivatization as Delegation.¡×COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW¡¡Vol. 103:1367¡¢ 2003ǯ¡¢1410-1411ÊÇ¡£ ¡Ë

¡¡¡Écurrent doctrine is fundamentally ill-suited¡É

¡¡¡Écurrent doctrine is a very poor measure¡É

¡¡¤È»ØÅ¦¤¹¤ëMetzger¶µ¼ø¤Ï¡¢É½ÌÌŪ¤Ê·Á¼°¤Ë¤è¤ê¥¹¥Æ¥¤¥È¡¦¥¢¥¯¥·¥ç¥óË¡Íý¤òŬÍѤ¹¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¡¢º£Æü¤ÎÊ£»¨¤Ë¿Ê¹Ô¤¹¤ë̱±Ä²½¤Ë¤Ï¤È¤Æ¤âÉÔ½½Ê¬¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¼çÄ¥¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£

¡¡¤³¤³¤Ç¡¢¡Ö·Á¼°Åª¡×¤È¡Ö¼Â¼ÁŪ¡×¤È¤¤¤¦Â¦Ì̤ËÃåÌܤ·¤Æ¤ß¤¿¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
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http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/kmdbn347/35342111.html

¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢¡ÖÇÛʬŪÀµµÁ¡×¡Ê"distributive justice"¡Ë¤Î¼Â¸½¤ò¼ç¤È¤¹¤ë¥¨¥Þ¥¹¥ó¤ÎÏÀÍý¤òŬÍѤ·¤Æ¹Í»¡¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£ºòº£¤Î̱±Ä²½¤È¥¹¥Æ¥¤¥È¡¦¥¢¥¯¥·¥ç¥óË¡Íý¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¢¤½¤ÎÍ×·ï¤Î½¼Â­¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢·Á¼°Åª¤ÊÍ×·ï¤Î½¼Â­¤À¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢»Ô̱¤Î¿Í¸¢¤Î¼Â¼ÁŪÊݸî¤Î»ëºÂ¤«¤éºÆ¹½À®¤¹¤Ù¤­¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È²ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£


¡¡Metzger¶µ¼ø¤Ï¡¢Â³¤±¤Æ¡¢½¾Íè¤È°Û¤Ê¤ë¡Ö̱±Ä²½¤ÎË¡Íý¡×¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¸ÀµÚ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡ÉI close this section with a brief examination of another constitutional route to dealing with the concerns raised by privatization¡½private delegation doctrine¡½which addresses whether and when it is constitutionally permissible for government to delegate certain powers to private actors.¡É
¡ÊGillian E. Metzger, supra at 1411¡Ë

¡¡¤È¤³¤í¤Ç¡¢¡Öprivate delegation doctrine¡×¤È¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¢¡Ö̱±Ä²½¤ÎË¡Íý¡×¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¥É¥¤¥ÄË¡¤òÀÚ¤ê¸ý¤È¤·¤¿·§ËÜÂç³Ø½Ú¶µ¼øÂçÏÆÀèÀ¸¤Î°Ê²¼¤ÎÏÀʸ¤¬»²¹Í¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¤Í¡£Ì±±Ä²½¤È¡Ö´ðËܸ¢ÊݸîµÁ̳¡×ÏÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤âʬ¤«¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¯ÏÀ½Ò¤·¤Æ¤ª¤é¤ì¤ë¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
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¡¡¤¤¤Ä¤«¡¢ºÆ¤Ó±ÑÊÆË¡NÀèÀ¸¤Î¹ÖµÁ¤òľÀܼõ¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ëÆü¤ËƳ¤«¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤â¿´¤Î¤É¤³¤«¤Ç´üÂÔ¤·¤Ä¤Ä¡¢È¿ÌÌ¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ë¤Ï¤Þ¤À¤Þ¤À¼ÂÎϤ¬Â­¤ê¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤â¼«³Ð¤·¤Ä¤Ä¡¢º£¤Ï¤Þ¤º¼«Ê¬¤Î­¸µ¤ò¸«¤Ä¤á¡¢¼«Ê¬¼«¿È¤ËÇØ¿­¤Ó¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ê¤¯¡¢Ãå¼Â¤Ë±Ñʸ¤òÆÉ¤ß³¤±¤¿¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£



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¡ÉCast your cares on the LORD and he will sustain you;
he will never let the righteous fall.¡É¡¡(Psalm 55:22)

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