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決議1776(続き)
 Expressing also its concern over the harmful consequences of violent and
terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al-Qaida, and other extremist groups on the
capacity of the Afghan Government to guarantee the rule of law, to provide basic
services to the Afghan people, and to ensure the full enjoyment of their human
rights and fundamental freedoms,
Reiterating its support for the continuing endeavours by the Afghan
Government, with the assistance of the international community, including ISAF
and the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) coalition, to improve the security
situation and to continue to address the threat posed by the Taliban, Al-Qaida and
other extremist groups, and stressing in this context the need for sustained
international efforts, including those of ISAF and the OEF coalition,
Condemning in the strongest terms all attacks, including Improvised Explosive
Device (IED) attacks, suicide attacks and abductions, targeting civilians and Afghan
and international forces and their deleterious effect on the stabilization,
reconstruction and development efforts in Afghanistan, and condemning further the
use by the Taliban and other extremist groups of civilians as human shields,
Expressing its concern about all civilian casualties, and reiterating its call for
all feasible steps to be taken to ensure the protection of civilian life and for
international humanitarian and human rights law to be upheld,
Recognizing the robust efforts taken by ISAF and other international forces to
minimize the risk of civilian casualties, notably the continuous review of tactics and
procedures and the conduct of after-action reviews in cooperation with the Afghan
Government in cases where civilian casualties have reportedly occurred,
Stressing the need for further progress in security sector reform, including
further strengthening of the Afghan National Army and Police, disbandment of
illegal armed groups, justice sector reform and counter-narcotics,
Stressing in this context the importance of further progress in the
reconstruction and reform of the Afghan prison sector, in order to improve the
respect for the rule of law and human rights therein,
Reiterating its call on all Afghan parties and groups to engage constructively
in peaceful political dialogue within the framework of the Afghan Constitution and
in the socio-economic development of the country, and to avoid resorting to
violence including through the use of illegal armed groups,
Recognizing the importance of the contribution of neighbouring and regional
partners for the stabilization of Afghanistan, and stressing the crucial importance of
advancing regional cooperation as an effective means to promote security,
governance and development in Afghanistan,
Welcoming the completion of ISAF’s expansion throughout Afghanistan, the
continued coordination between ISAF and the OEF coalition, and the cooperation
established between ISAF and the European Union presence in Afghanistan, in
particular its police mission (EUPOL Afghanistan),
Expressing its appreciation for the leadership provided by the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO), and for the contributions of many nations to ISAF and
to the OEF coalition, including its maritime interdiction component,
Determining that the situation in Afghanistan still constitutes a threat to
international peace and security,
Determined to ensure the full implementation of the mandate of ISAF, in
coordination with the Afghan Government,
Acting for these reasons under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United
Nations,(続く)

3、Resolution 1776 (2007)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 5744th meeting, on
19 September 2007
The Security Council,
Reaffirming its previous resolutions on Afghanistan, in particular its
resolutions 1386 (2001), 1510 (2003), 1707 (2006) and 1746 (2007),
Reaffirming also its resolutions 1267 (1999), 1368 (2001) and 1373 (2001),
and reiterating its support for international efforts to root out terrorism in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,
Recalling its resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1674 (2006) and 1738
(2006) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict and its resolution 1325 (2000)
on women and peace and security,
Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial
integrity and national unity of Afghanistan,
Recognizing that the responsibility for providing security and law and order
throughout the country resides with the Afghan Authorities and welcoming the
cooperation of the Afghan Government with the International Security Assistance
Force (ISAF),
Recognizing the multifaceted and interconnected nature of the challenges in
Afghanistan, reaffirming that sustainable progress on security, governance and
development, as well as the cross-cutting issue of counter-narcotics is mutually
reinforcing and welcoming the continuing efforts of the Afghan Government and the
international community to address these challenges in a coherent manner through
the comprehensive framework provided by the Afghanistan Compact,
Stressing the central role that the United Nations continues to play in
promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, noting, in the context of a
comprehensive approach, the synergies in the objectives of the United Nations
Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and of ISAF, and stressing the need
for further sustained cooperation, coordination and mutual support, taking due
account of their respective designated responsibilities,
Reiterating its concern about the security situation in Afghanistan, in particular
the increased violent and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al-Qaida, illegally
armed groups and those involved in the narcotics trade, and the links between 07-51089
terrorism activities and illicit drugs, resulting in threats to the local population,
national security forces and international military and civilian personnel,
Expressing also its concern over the harmful consequences of violent and
terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al-Qaida, and other extremist groups on the
capacity of the Afghan Government to guarantee the rule of law, to provide basic
services to the Afghan people, and to ensure the full enjoyment of their human
rights and fundamental freedoms,(続く)

2、Resolution 1386 (2001)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 4443rd meeting, on
20 December 2001
The Security Council,
Reaffirming its previous resolutions on Afghanistan, in particular its
resolutions 1378 (2001) of 14 November 2001 and 1383 (2001) of 6 December
2001,
Supporting international efforts to root out terrorism, in keeping with the
Charter of the United Nations, and reaffirming also its resolutions 1368 (2001) of 12
September 2001 and 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001,
Welcoming developments in Afghanistan that will allow for all Afghans to
enjoy inalienable rights and freedom unfettered by oppression and terror,
Recognizing that the responsibility for providing security and law and order
throughout the country resides with the Afghan themselves,
Reiterating its endorsement of the Agreement on provisional arrangements in
Afghanistan pending the re-establishment of permanent government institutions,
signed in Bonn on 5 December 2001 (S/2001/1154) (the Bonn Agreement),
Taking note of the request to the Security Council in Annex 1, paragraph 3, to
the Bonn Agreement to consider authorizing the early deployment to Afghanistan of
an international security force, as well as the briefing on 14 December 2001 by the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on his contacts with the Afghan
authorities in which they welcome the deployment to Afghanistan of a United
Nations-authorized international security force,
Taking note of the letter dated 19 December 2001 from Dr. Abdullah Abdullah
to the President of the Security Council (S/2001/1223),
Welcoming the letter from the Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland to the Secretary-General of 19 December 2001 (S/2001/1217), and taking
note of the United Kingdom offer contained therein to take the lead in organizing
and commanding an International Security Assistance Force,
Stressing that all Afghan forces must adhere strictly to their obligations under
human rights law, including respect for the rights of women, and under international
humanitarian law,
Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial
integrity and national unity of Afghanistan,
Determining that the situation in Afghanistan still constitutes a threat to
international peace and security,
Determined to ensure the full implementation of the mandate of the
International Security Assistance Force, in consultation with the Afghan Interim
Authority established by the Bonn Agreement,
Acting for these reasons under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United
Nations,
1. Authorizes, as envisaged in Annex 1 to the Bonn Agreement, the
establishment for 6 months of an International Security Assistance Force to assist
the Afghan Interim Authority in the maintenance of security in Kabul and its
surrounding areas, so that the Afghan Interim Authority as well as the personnel of
the United Nations can operate in a secure environment;
2. Calls upon Member States to contribute personnel, equipment and other
resources to the International Security Assistance Force, and invites those Member
States to inform the leadership of the Force and the Secretary-General;
3. Authorizes the Member States participating in the International Security
Assistance Force to take all necessary measures to fulfil its mandate;(続く)

開く トラックバック(1)

 テロ特措法に代わる新法の討議が来週より本格化する。安保理決議のうち、この審議に関係する決議は多いが、重要なものは次の3決議である。
 第1:決議1368(2001年9月12日採択、自衛権容認決議)
 第2:決議1386(2001年12月20日採択、ISAF設立決議)
 第3:決議1776(2007年9月19日採択、ISAF延長、海上阻止活動参加国への謝意)
 これら決議を原文で掲載する。

1、Resolution 1368 (2001)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 4370th meeting, on
12 September 2001
The Security Council,
Reaffirming the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations,
Determined to combat by all means threats to international peace and security
caused by terrorist acts,
Recognizing the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in
accordance with the Charter,
1. Unequivocally condemns in the strongest terms the horrifying terrorist
attacks which took place on 11 September 2001 in New York, Washington, D.C. and
Pennsylvania and regards such acts, like any act of international terrorism, as a
threat to international peace and security;
2. Expresses its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their
families and to the people and Government of the United States of America;
3. Calls on all States to work together urgently to bring to justice the
perpetrators, organizers and sponsors of these terrorist attacks and stresses that those
responsible for aiding, supporting or harbouring the perpetrators, organizers and
sponsors of these acts will be held accountable;
4. Calls also on the international community to redouble their efforts to
prevent and suppress terrorist acts including by increased cooperation and full
implementation of the relevant international anti-terrorist conventions and Security
Council resolutions, in particular resolution 1269 (1999) of 19 October 1999;
5. Expresses its readiness to take all necessary steps to respond to the
terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and to combat all forms of terrorism, in
accordance with its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations;
6. Decides to remain seized of the matter

1、小沢民主党代表は、インド洋での海上自衛隊が行っている給油活動は米国が安保理の決定とは関係なく、勝手に自衛権に基づいて行っている武力行使(不朽の自由作戦・以下OEFという)への支援であり、違憲である、したがって海自は撤収すべきである、他方アフガン国内で展開されている国際治安部隊(ISAF)の活動は安保理決議に基づく活動であり、これに参加することは可能である、と主張している。
2、この小沢代表の見解は国際法上も、憲法解釈上も、外交上も、問題がある。
第1:米国は9・11テロの後、アフガンのタリバン政権とアル・カイダに自衛権の行使として武力行使に踏み切った。NATO諸国もNATO条約第5条に従い、集団的自衛権を援用し、その武力行使に加わった。しかしその後、タリバン政権が崩壊し、今ではアフガンはカルザイ政権が支配している。OEF参加各国のアフガン内での活動は今では領域国アフガンの正統政府の同意を得て、行われている活動である。現在のOEFは自衛権にもとづくものとは国際法上、考えられない。
 OEFの一部である海上阻止活動(MIO)は旗国主義にもとづき、旗国の同意を得て、船舶検査をしている活動であり、これも自衛権によるものではない。
第2:OEFが安保理の決定と関係なく、行われているという議論は成り立たない。9・11テロの翌日に採択された安保理決議1368は9・11テロを「国際の平和に対する脅威」と認定している。そういう認定をした以上、安保理はそれを除去するための必要な措置(加盟国にあらゆる必要な措置をとるように授権するのが通常のやり方)をとるべきであるが、安保理は米国その他の自衛権の行使を容認した。こういうやり方に国際法学者の間で異論があったことは事実である。ひかし安保理の「実質的な意思」として、タリバン、アル・カイダへの武力行使を容認したことは明らかである。OEF活動は安保理が「組織した」ものではないが、「お墨付き」を与えたものである。
 国連憲章上、自衛権の行使は一定の統制のもとにおかれている。国連憲章第51条は自衛権行使は安保理に報告され、かつ安保理が必要な措置をとるまでの間に限られると規定している。米国が自衛権を援用して、勝手に戦争をするという状況は、米国が拒否権でも使って安保理を麻痺させない限り、不可能である。米がアフガン問題で拒否権をつかうような局面はなかった。
第3:ISAFはアフガンで武力行使を行っている。安保理決議があれば、これにも参加しうるとの小沢代表の見解は憲法解釈として海外での武力行使は自衛権の場合以外できないとのこれまでの憲法解釈に反する。小沢代表が自分の憲法解釈を打ち出すのは構わないが、それを国全体に押し付けようというのは越権行為である。小沢代表は最高裁ではない。さらにISAFへの参加は危険を伴う。
第4:自衛隊の海外活動は安保理決議に基づくもの以外、違憲との小沢代表の見解を前提にすると、PKO法、周辺事態法も違憲であるということになる。PKO法上、平和維持活動も人道支援活動も、安保理決議以外にも基づき、なされうることになっているからである。周辺事態法の場合、たとえば北朝鮮の韓国侵攻があれば、これは典型的な周辺事態であるが、米は当初は米韓条約を援用し、集団的自衛権に基づ
き、対処する。安保理が中国の拒否権で麻痺した場合、米が自衛権で対処せざるを得ない状況が長引くが、安保理決議がないから、給油するのも違憲だというのでは、周辺事態法は意味がなくなる。これは日米安保関係に大きな打撃を与えること、確実である。
3、小沢代表は本件を使って、解散・総選挙へと考えているのかもしれない。しかしこういう重要問題な外交問題を政局の道具にすることは差し控えるべきである。(文責:茂田宏)

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