º®ÆÙ¤Î»þÂå¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¡¢¿¿¼Â¤Î¸÷¤òµá¤á¤Æ

¸½Âå¤ËÀ¸¤­¤ë»ä¤Î¾å¤Ë ʩˡ¤Ï²¿¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤«¤ò »î¤½¤¦¤È»×¤¤Î©¤Á¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£//Á´¤Æ¤Î¸¶È¯¤ò ¨¹ïÄä»ß¤·¤Æ¡¢ Ê̤ÎÀ¸¤­Êý¤ò¤·¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£

Êü¼Íǽ±øÀ÷

[ ¥ê¥¹¥È | ¾ÜºÙ ]

µ­»ö¸¡º÷
¸¡º÷
¡Ê£´¡Ë¤Î¤Ä¤Å¤­
 
 CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê£µ¡Ë
 
Arrival on the West Coast
¡¡¡¡À¾³¤´ß¤Ø¤ÎÅþã
¡¡The most recently reported measurements of radioactive cesium in North Pacific seawater
indicate that the Fukushima plume is beginning its arrival off the west coast of North America.
¡¡Measurements by the Canadian Ocean Monitoring Program first detected very low
concentrations (<0.0005 Bq/L) of Fukushima-derived 134Cs at a station in the Gulf of Alaska
 (~145º W) in June of 2012, and off of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in June 2013 (41).
 
¡¡¡¡¤Ä¤¤ºÇ¶áÊ󤸤é¤ì¤¿ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤγ¤¿åÃæ¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Î¬Äê¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ
¡¡¤Ï¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤ÎÀ¾³¤´ß²­¤ËÅþÃ夷»Ï¤á¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¥«¥Ê¥À¤Î³¤ÍÎŽÓŽÆŽÀŽØŽÝޏŽÞŽÌŽßŽÛ޼ŽÞŽªŽ¸ŽÄ¤Ë¤è¤ë¬Äê¤Ï¡¢ºÇ½é¤Ë ¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤Î޾޼޳ŽÑ134¤Î
¡¡Èó¾ï¤ËÄ㤤ǻÅÙ¤ò¡¡2012ǯ6·î¤Ë¡¡¥¢¥é¥¹¥«ÏѤǸ¡½Ð¤·¤¿(<0¡¥0005 Bq/L) ¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢
¡¡2013ǯ6·î¤Ë ŽÌŽÞŽØŽÃŽ¨Ž¯Ž¼Ž­ŽºŽÛŽÝŽËŽÞޱ¤Î¥Ð¥ó¥¯¡¼¥Ð¡¼Åç²­¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤·¤¿¡£
 
¡¡This early arrival, scarcely three years after the accident, matches well with the predictions
of one ocean circulation model (52), but the low concentrations detected are more in line with
another simulation that predicted a slower transit of the North Pacific (46).
 
   »ö¸Î¸å ¤ä¤Ã¤È3ǯ¤È¤¤¤¦ ¤³¤ÎÁᤤÅþã¤Ï¡¢£±¤Ä¤Î³¤Î®ŽÓŽÃŽÞŽÙ¤Îͽ¬¤È¤è¤¯¹ç¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë
¡¡¤¬¡¢¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Ä㤤ǻÅÙ¤Ï ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤΤè¤ê¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤ê¤·¤¿Í¢Á÷¤òͽ¬¤·¤¿ ¾¤Î޼ޭŽÐŽÚް޼ޮŽÝ
¡¡¤Ë¡¡¤è¤ê¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
 
 Further to the south, along a transect approximating 30º N latitude, shipboard sampling found
that in late 2013 the leading edge of the cesium plume was north of Hawai¡Çi, between 160 –
 150 ºW, but that concentrations were relatively low (≤ 0.008 Bq/L), well below those predicted
for this area (>0.05 Bq/L) by the more spatially-accurate model (50, 52).
¡¡The lower-than-expected concentrations observed in situ may reflect the fact that a large
fraction of the radioactive plume that occupied the central North Pacific in 2012 was mixed into
the deep ocean and effectively removed from the eastward-trending surface plume (48).
 
¡¡¡¡¤µ¤é¤ËÆî¤Ë Ḛ̈Þ30Åٶ᤯¤ò²£Àڤäơ¢Á¥¤Ë¤è¤ë¥µ¥ó¥×¥ê¥ó¥°¤Ï 2013ǯÊë¤ì¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ
¡¡¤ÎŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ÎÀèü¤¬¡¡¥Ï¥ï¥¤¤ÎË̤ÎÀ¾·Ð160ÅÙ¤«¤é150Å٤δ֤ˤ¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¸«½Ð¤·¤¿¡£
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¢Ç»ÅÙ¤Ï Èæ³ÓŪÄ㤯 (≤ 0¡¥008 Bq/L)¡¢¤è¤ê¶õ´ÖŪ¤ËÀµ³Î¤Ê¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ç ¤³¤ÎÃϰè¤Ç
¡¡Í½Â¬¤µ¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î¤è¤ê¤â¡¡¤º¤Ã¤ÈÄ㤫¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¤½¤³¤Ç´Ñ¬¤µ¤ì¤¿ ͽÁÛ¤è¤ê¤âÄ㤤ǻÅ٤ϡ¢2012ǯ¤ËËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤÎÃæ±ûÉô¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤¿
¡¡Êü¼Íǽ¤ÎŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ÎÂçÉôʬ¤¬¿¼³¤¤Øº®¤¼¤é¤ì¡¢¸ú²ÌŪ¤Ë Åì¤Ë¸þ¤«¤¦³¤É½Ì̤Ύ̎ߎَ°ŽÑ
¡¡¤«¤é½ü¤«¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤ÎÈ¿±Ç¤À¤í¤¦¡£
 
¡¡To date, no Fukushima-derived cesium has been detected in seawater along the coast of
California, Oregon or Washington (24, 37, 50).11
It remains uncertain exactly when, and at what concentration, the radioactive plume will reach
the California coast, though the recent detection of cesium off of British Columbia provides
some indication that this could occur within the next year.
However, the model simulation of Rossi et al. (2013) (52), which came the closest to correctly
predicting the timing of the plume arrival in the Pacific Northwest, also predicts that offshore
currents associated with coastal upwelling in the California Current system could delay the
arrival of the plume on the California shoreline for several years.
 
¡¡¡¡º£¤Þ¤Ç¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤Ç¤Ê¤¤ ¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤Ï¡¡Ž¶ŽØŽÌŽ«ŽÙޯޱ½£¡¢ŽµŽÚŽºŽÞŽÝ½£¡¢ŽÜ޼ŽÝŽÄŽÝ½£¤Î³¤´ß
¡¡¤Ë±è¤¦ ³¤¿å¤Ë¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡ŽÌŽÞŽØŽÃŽ¨Ž¯Ž¼Ž­ŽºŽÛŽÝŽËŽÞޱ½£²­¤Ç¡¡ºÇ¶á ޾޼޳ŽÑ¤¬¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¤Ï¡¢Íèǯ¤Þ¤Ç¤Îµ¯¤³¤ê¤¨¤ë
¡¡¤³¤È¤ò ¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤« ¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢Àµ³Î¤Ë¡¡¤¤¤Ä¡¢¤É¤ì¤Û¤É¤ÎÇ»Å٤ǡ¡Êü¼ÍÀ­ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤¬
¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Î³¤´ß¤ËÅþ㤹¤ë¤«¤Ï¡¢¤Ï¤Ã¤­¤ê¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢ÂÀÊ¿ÍÎËÌÀ¾Éô¤Ë¡¡ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤¬Åþ㤹¤ë¥¿¥¤¥ß¥ó¥°¤ÎÀµ³Î¤Êͽ¬¤Ë¡¡ºÇ¤â
¡¡¶á¤«¤Ã¤¿ ¥í¥Ã¥·¤Î ޼ޭŽÐŽÚް޼ޮŽÝŽÓŽÃŽÞŽÙ¤Ï¡¢¤Þ¤¿¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢³¤Î®¤Ç¤Î±è´ßͯ¾º¤È´Ø·¸
¡¡¤¬¤¢¤ë²­¹ç¤ÎĬή¤¬¡¢¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Î³¤´ßÀþ¤Ë¡¡¿ôǯ´Ö¡¡ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ÎÅþã¤òÃ٤餻¤ë
¡¡¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤Èͽ¬¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
 
¡¡Under this scenario, the radioactive plume would be ¡Èheld at bay¡É by the net offshore transport
of surface water, only reaching the coastline proper once the cesium has penetrated to the
depths of the waters that are upwelled along the coast.
Once the radioactive plume does reach California, concentrations of radiocesium are predicted
to increase to peak values between 2016 and 2019, declining gradually thereafter over the next
several decades (46, 52).
 
¡¡¡¡¤³¤Î¥·¥Ê¥ê¥ª¤Ç¤Ï¡¢³¤´ß±è¤¤¤Ëͯ¾º¤¹¤ë¿¼ÁØ¿å¤Ë¡¡¤Ò¤È¤¿¤Ó ޾޼޳ŽÑ¤¬¿»Æ©¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢
¡¡¤¿¤À¡¡¤Þ¤µ¤·¤¯³¤´ß±è¤¤¤ËÅþ㤹¤ë¤À¤±¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢Êü¼ÍǽŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤Ï¡¡ÀµÌ£¤Î²­¹ç¤ÎÍ¢Á÷
¡¡¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡¤È¤é¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¤Ò¤È¤¿¤Ó¡¡Êü¼Íǽ¤ÎŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤¬¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤ËÅþ㤷¤µ¤¨¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Î
¡¡Ç»Å٤ϡ¡2016ǯ¤È2019ǯ¤Î´Ö¤Ë ¥Ô¡¼¥¯¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¢¤½¤ì°Ê¸å¤Ï¡¡¿ô½½Ç¯¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤Ã¤Æ
¡¡¤À¤ó¤À¤ó¸º¾¯¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Í½ÁÛ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
 
¡¡The actual concentrations remain unknown but, based on recent measurements elsewhere
in the North Pacific, are likely to be on the lower end of the 0.003 – 0.02 Bq/L range bracketed
by the predictions of Behrens et al. 2012 (46) and Rossi et al. 2013 (52), respectively (41, 50).
¡¡It is important to note that even the higher estimated levels of radioactivity are dwarfed by
naturally-occurring radioactivity (>400 times greater) and the 137Cs ¡Èlegacy¡É of atmospheric
nuclear weapons testing (>30 times greater), and represent only a tiny increase in total
radioactivity above the pre-accident background.
 
¡¡¡¡¼ÂºÝ¤ÎÇ»Å٤Ϥ狼¤é¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤξ¤Î½ê¤Ç¤ÎºÇ¶á¤Î¬Äê¤Ç¤Ð¡¢¥Ù¡¼¥ì¥ó
¡¡¤ä¥í¥Ã¥·¡¡³Æ¡¹¤Îͽ¬¤ò¤Ò¤È¤Þ¤È¤á¤Ë¤·¤¿Éý 0¡¥003¡Á0¡¥02㏃/L¤Î¤è¤êÄ㤤Êý¤Ç¤¢¤ë
¡¡¤è¤¦¤À¡£
    Êü¼Íǽ¤ò¤è¤ê¹â¤¯¸«ÀѤâ¤Ã¤¿¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤µ¤¨¡¢¼«Á³µ¯¸»¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤äÂ絤·÷³Ë¼Â¸³¤Î
¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤Î»Äα¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ ¾®¤µ¤¯¸«¤¨¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ »ö¸Î°ÊÁ°¤ÎŽÊŽÞޝޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ
¡¡¤è¤ê¡¡Á´Êü¼Íǽ¤¬¤Û¤ó¤Î¾¯¤·¤ÎÁý²Ã¤·¤¿¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤¹ ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò½Ò¤Ù¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÂçÀÚ¤À¡£
 
Fukushima Radioactivity in Seafood & the Marine Ecosystem
¡¡¡¡³¤»ºÊª¤ä³¤ÍÎÀ¸ÂַϤˤª¤±¤ë¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ
¡¡Generally speaking, levels of radioactivity in marine organisms will be proportional to the
radioactivity of the water in which they live, with higher levels expected in organisms dwelling
closer to the source of contamination.
However, certain radionuclides which are chemically similar to nutrient elements can be
preferentially absorbed by marine organisms and become concentrated in the marine food web.
 
¡¡¡¡°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¸À¤¦¤È¡¢³¤ÍÎÀ¸Êª¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÊü¼Íǽ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï¡¡¤½¤ÎÀ³¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¿å¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ
¡¡¤ËÈæÎ㤷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£¤è¤ê¹â¤¤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤¬±øÀ÷¸»¤Ë¤è¤ê¶á¤¯À³¤àÀ¸Êª¤Ë´üÂÔ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¢±ÉÍÜÁǤ˲½³ØÅª¤ËÎà»÷¤¹¤ëÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¢³¤ÍÎÀ¸Êª¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
¡¡ÁªÂòŪ¤ËµÛ¼ý¤µ¤ì¡¢³¤ÍΤÎfood web¡Ê¿©ÊªÏ¢º¿Ì֡ˤÇÇ»½Ì¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£
 
Strontium-90 (90Sr), for example, mimics thechemical behavior of calcium, and if taken-up by
organisms is concentrated in calcium-rich structures such as shell and bone, where it delivers
a sustained dose of radiation over time.
 Cesium is also highly bioavailable, but is distributed more evenly throughout the body and is
removed more quickly (¡Èbiological half-life¡É of ~ 70 days in humans) (53).
 
¡¡¡¡Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¥¹¥È¥í¥ó¥Á¥¦¥à90¤Ï¡¢¥«¥ë¥·¥¦¥à¤Î²½³ØÅªµóư¤Ë»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤â¤·¡¢À¸ÂΤË
¡¡¼è¤ê¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿¤é¡¢³­³Ì¤ä¹ü¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¡¡¥«¥ë¥·¥¦¥à¤¬Ë­É٤ʹ½Â¤ÂΤËÇ»½Ì¤·¡¢¤½¤³¤Ç
¡¡Ä¹¤¤´Ö¡¡¤º¤Ã¤ÈÊü¼ÍÀþ¤ò½Ð¤·Â³¤±¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤â¤Þ¤¿¡¢À¸ÂΤΠ¹â¤¤ÍøÍѲÄǽÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢ÂÎ¤Ë ¤è¤ê¶ÑÅù¤ËʬÇÛ¤µ¤ì¡¢
¡¡¤è¤ê®¤ä¤«¤Ë½ü¤«¤ì¤ë¡Ê¿Í´Ö¤ÎÀ¸Êª³ØÅªÈ¾¸º´ü¤Ï70Æü¡Ë¡£

¡¡Impacts to marine life from the Fukushima disaster are most evident in the coastal ocean
nearby the nuclear power plant.
Fish caught in the Fukushima area, in particular bottom-dwellers which may be exposed to high
radionuclide concentrations in seafloor sediment, have had levels of radioactivity well above the
Japanese regulatory limit of 100 Bq/kg (in an extreme case, >100,000 Bq/kg) (54, 55, 56).
In 2011 alone, the closure of local fisheries is estimated to have resulted in $1 – 2 billion in
economic losses (54).
Other species, with different life histories and occupying different ecological niches, were less
consistently contaminated (or at lower levels), and a few appear to have escaped contamination
entirely (e.g., squid, octopus) (54, 56).
Sampling in June 2011 at locations 30-600 km offshore of Fukushima prefecture found total
radioactive cesium (134+137Cs) levels of 0.3 – 102 Bq/kg in zooplankton and fish (below the
100 Bq/kg limit in all but one case) (10).
 
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÂç»´»ö¤Î³¤¤Ø¤Î¾×·â¤Ï¡¢¸¶È¯¤Î¶á¤¯¤Î±è´ß¤Î³¤¤Ç¡¡¤â¤Ã¤È¤âÌÀÎÆ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÃϰè¤Ç¤È¤ì¤¿µû¡¢ÆÃ¤Ë ³¤Äì¤ÎÂÏÀÑʪ¤Ë¡¡Ç»½Ì¤·¤¿Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ë»¯¤µ¤ì¤¿
¡¡¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦Äìµû¤Ï¡¢ÆüËܤε¬À©´ð½à100㏃/kg¤ò ¤Ï¤ë¤«¤Ëͤ¨¤¿Êü¼Íǽ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤À¤Ã¤¿
¡¡¡ÊÀ¨¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¡10Ëü㏃/kg¤òͤ¨¤¿¡Ë¡£
¡¡2011ǯ¤À¤±¤Ç¡¢Ãϸµµù¶È¤ÎµÙ»ß¤Ï¡¡10¡Á20²±¥É¥ë¤Î·ÐºÑ»¼º¤È¸«ÀѤâ¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡°ã¤Ã¤¿À®°éÎò ¤ä °ã¤Ã¤¿À¸Êª³ØÅªÃϰ̤ò¤â¤Ä ¾¤Î¼ïÎà¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¢»Ï½ª°ì´Ó¤·¤Æ
¡¡¤Û¤È¤ó¤ÉÇ»½Ì¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡Ê°¿¤Ï¡¡Ä㤤ŽÚŽÍŽÞŽÙ¡Ë¤·¡¢Á´¤¯Ç»½Ì¤«¤éÌȤ줿¤â¤Î¤â¡¡¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«
¡¡¸«¤é¤ì¤¿¡ÊÎ㤨¤Ð¡¢¥¤¥«¤ä¥¿¥³¡Ë¡£
¡¡¡¡2011ǯ6·î¤ÎÊ¡Å縩²­¡¡30¡Á600£ë£í¤Ç¤Î¥µ¥ó¥×¥ê¥ó¥°¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Zooplankton¡ÊŽÌŽßŽ×ŽÝޏŽÄŽÝ¡Ë
¡¡¤äµû¤Ï¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Î¹ç·×¤Ç 0¡¥3¡Á102㏃/£ë£ç¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡Ê¡¡1·ï¤ò½ü¤­¡¡¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Ç
¡¡100㏃/£ë£ç¤ò²¼²ó¤Ã¤¿¡Ë¡£
 
¡¡Along the West Coast, Fukushima-derived radionuclides were fleetingly detected in giant kelp
off of California (131I) (57) and in Alaskan salmon (trace amounts of 134Cs and 137Cs) (58),
reflecting the ¡Èpulse¡É of atmospheric fallout immediately after the accident.
Subsequent sampling of kelp and fish local to the eastern North Pacific has not detected further
contamination (37, 58, 59).
  However, a study by Madigan et al. (2012) demonstrated the potential for highly-migratory
species, in this case Pacific Bluefin tuna, a species that spawns and rears in the western Pacific,
to transport radionuclides over long distances.
 
¡¡¡¡À¾³¤´ß¤Ë±è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤¬¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢²­¤Î ޼ŽÞެ޲ޱŽÝŽÄ޹ŽÙŽÌŽß
¡¡¡ÊŽÖ޳ÁÇ131¡Ë ¤ä ޱŽ×޽޶޻ްŽÓŽÝ ¡ÊÈùÎ̤Ύ¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¤È137¡Ë¤Ë¡¢¤ï¤º¤«¤Ê´Ö ¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¡»ö¸Îľ¸å Â絤¤«¤é¤Î¹ß²¼Êª¤Î±Æ¶Á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡ÅìÉôËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤΰìÉô¤Ç°ú¤­Â³¤¤¤Æ¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤¿¡¡Ž¹ŽÙŽÌŽß¤Èµû¤Î¥µ¥ó¥×¥ê¥ó¥°¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤â¤Ï¤ä
¡¡±øÀ÷¤Ï¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¢¥Þ¥Ç¥£¥¬¥ó¤Î¸¦µæ¡Ê2012¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¹â¤¤°ÜưÀ­¤ò¤â¤Ä¼ï¡Á ¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï À¾ÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ
¡¡¤ÇÍñ¤ò»º¤ß°é¤Æ¤ë¼ï¤Ç¤¢¤ëÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¥¯¥í¥Þ¥°¥í¡¢¥Ä¥Ê ¡Á ¤¬¡¡Ä¹¤¤µ÷Î¥¤ò±Û¤¨¤Æ
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ò±¿¤Ö¤³¤È¤Î²ÄǽÀ­¤ò¼¨¤·¤¿¡£¡¡
 
  Pacific Bluefin tuna caught off of California in August 2011 contained an average of 10 Bq/kg
of radioactive cesium (134+137Cs) from Fukushima, which the fish accumulated in contaminated
western Pacific waters prior to migration (59).12
¡¡A 2012 follow-up study found that radiocesium levels in Pacific Bluefin had decreased by more
than 50¡ó (60).
 
¡¡¡¡2011ǯ8·î¤Ë¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢²­¤ÇÊá³Í¤µ¤ì¤¿ÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¥¯¥í¥Þ¥°¥í¡¦¥Ä¥Ê¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè
¡¡¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤ò¡¡Ê¿¶Ñ10㏃/£ë£ç´Þ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤¿¡£¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¡µû¤¬¡¡²óÍ·¤¹¤ëÁ°¤Ë±øÀ÷¤µ¤ì¤¿
¡¡À¾ÂÀÊ¿ÍΤγ¤¿å¤Ç¡¡¤¿¤á¹þ¤ó¤À¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡2012ǯ¤Î·Ñ³Ū¸¦µæ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÂÀÊ¿ÍÎŽ¸ŽÛŽÏޏŽÞŽÛ¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Ï¡¡50¡ó°Ê¾å¸º¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£

¡¡When the plume of radioactivity currently spreading across the North Pacific reaches the
California coast, local marine life will accumulate Fukushima-derived radioactive cesium (and
other radionuclides present at much lower levels, such as 90Sr).
The low radiocesium concentrations currently observed in seawater off of British Columbia (41)
and in the central Pacific north of Hawaii (50) suggest that the level of exposure will be quite low,
and that marine organisms are unlikely to accumulate dangerous quantities of radioactivity.
However, on-going monitoring of the situation is clearly warranted.
 
¡¡¡¡Ìܲ¼ ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤò²£ÃǤ·¤Æ¹­¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊü¼ÍÀ­¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤¬¡¢¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Î³¤´ß
¡¡¤ËÅþ¤¹¤ë¤È¤­¡¢¤½¤ÎÃϤγ¤ÍÎÀ¸Êª¤Ï¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤òÃßÀѤ¹¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£
¡¡¡Ê¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¥¹¥È¥í¥ó¥Á¥¦¥à£¹£°¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¾¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤¬¡¡¤º¤Ã¤ÈÄ㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ë
¡¡¡¡¸½ºß¤Î½ê¡¢ŽÌŽÞŽØŽÃŽ¨Ž¯Ž¼Ž­ŽºŽÛŽÝŽËŽÞޱ²­¤Î³¤¿å¤Ç¡¢Ãæ±ûÂÀÊ¿ÍΤΥϥ磻¤ÎË̤Ǵѻ¡¤µ¤ì¤¿
¡¡¡¡Ä㤤ǻÅÙ¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Ï¡¢Ë½ÏªŽÚŽÍŽÞŽÙ¤Ï¡¡¤­¤ï¤á¤ÆÄ㤯¡¢³¤ÍÎÀ¸Êª¤Ï¡¡´í¸±¤ÊÎÌ
¡¡¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤ò¤¿¤á¹þ¤à¤È¤Ï¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢°ú¤­Â³¤­¡¡¾õ¶·¤Î¥â¥Ë¥¿¥ê¥ó¥°¤Ï¡¡¤Ï¤Ã¤­¤ê¤ÈÊݾڤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
 
 
Risks & Health Implications of Fukushima Radiation
¡¡¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¥ê¥¹¥¯¤È·ò¹¯±Æ¶Á
  It is clear from the available data that people living on the West Coast were exposed to
Fukushima-derived radiation in the days and weeks following the disaster, with lower levels of
exposure (from radioactive cesium) continuing to the present.
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡À¾³¤´ß¤Ë½»¤à¿Í¡¹¤¬¡¢»ö¸Î¸å¤Î¿ôÆü´Ö ¤½¤·¤Æ ¿ô½µ´Ö¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Ë
¡¡»¯¤µ¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¤Ï¡¢Í­¸ú¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤«¤éÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¸½ºß¤Þ¤Ç³¤¯¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤«¤é¤Î
¡¡Ä㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Î˽Ϫ¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¦¡¦¡¦¡£¡¡¡¡
 
¡¡Environmental and public health agencies at the state and federal levels have issued repeated
assurances that the levels of exposure are ¡Èsafe¡É, ¡Ènot harmful¡É or present ¡Èno risk¡É to the
public (e.g., EPA RadNet, Oregon Health Authority, etc.), often citing regulatory standards or
exposure limits that are higher than¡¡the measured levels of Fukushima-derived radiation.
¡¡Though the basic message is likely to be accurate, such assertions are probably best read as
 ¡Èshorthand¡É for a more nuanced reality:
¡¡The levels of Fukushima-derived radiation detected in North America are unlikely to cause
significant harm to the public at large, and the risks posed by Fukushima radiation are small in
comparison to other things that threaten public health (e.g., air pollution, smoking, obesity, etc.)
(53).
 
¡¡¡¡´Ä¶­¤È¸ø½°±ÒÀ¸¤Î½£¤ÈϢˮ¤Îµ¡´Ø¤Ï¡¢Ë½Ïª¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï¡¡ ¸ø½°¤Ë¤Ï ¡È°ÂÁ´¡É¡È̵³²¡É
¡¡°¿¤Ï ¸½ºß  ¡É¥ê¥¹¥¯¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡É ¤È ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Êݾڤ·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡ÊÎ㤨¤Ð¡¢EPA RadNet¡¢¥ª¥ì¥´¥ó
¡¡ÊÝ·ò¶É¡Ë¡£¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¬Äê¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤è¤ê¹â¤¤µ¬À©´ð½à
¡¡¤Ë¸ÀµÚ¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡´ðËÜŪ¤Ê¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤Ï¡¡Àµ¤·¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¤±¤ì¤É¤â¡¢¤½¤¦¤¤¤¦ÃǸÀ¤Ï¡¡¤¿¤Ö¤ó
¡¡¤â¤Ã¤ÈÈù̯¤Ê»ö¼Â¤ËÂФ¹¤ë¡¡Â®µ­¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÆÉ¤ß¼è¤é¤ì¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£
¡¡¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï¡¢¡¡°ìÈ̸ø½°¤ËÂФ·¤Æ
¡¡¿¼¹ï¤Ê³²¤ò°ú¤­µ¯¤³¤¹¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¤·¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤¬Í¿¤¨¤ë¥ê¥¹¥¯¤Ï¡¢
¡¡¸ø½°±ÒÀ¸¤ò¶¼¤«¤¹ ¾¤Î»öÊÁ¤ÈÈæ³Ó¤·¤Æ ¾®¤µ¤¤¡ÊÎ㤨¤Ð¡¢Â絤±øÀ÷¡¢µÊ±ì¡¢ÈîËþ¤Ê¤É¡Ë¡£
 
¡¡This more circumspect assertion of safety does not rule out adverse impacts to individuals,
and more accurately reflects the current level of scientific uncertainty about the health risks
of low levels of radiation.
¡¡Individual risk is influenced by multiple factors, including the strength and length of exposure,
the particular radionuclides involved, and the age, health and susceptibility of the individual, to
name a few.
¡¡Moreover, the health effects of long-term exposure to low-level radiation are a matter of
on-going scientific debate.
 
¡¡¡¡¤³¤Î ¤è¤ê¿µ½Å¤Ê°ÂÁ´À­¤ÎɽÌÀ¤Ï¡¢¸Ä¿Í¤Ø¤ÎÍ­³²¤Ê±Æ¶Á¤ò̵»ë¤·¤Æ¤Ï¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢ÄãÀþÎ̤ηò¹¯¥ê¥¹¥¯¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î ²Ê³ØÅª¤ÊÉԳΤ«¤µ¤Î¸½ºß¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ò
¡¡Àµ³Î¤ËÈ¿±Ç¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¸Ä¿Í¤Î¥ê¥¹¥¯¤Ï¡¢Â¿¤¯¤ÎÍ×°ø¡Á¡¡ÈïÇø¤Î¶¯¤µ¤ÈŤµ¡¢´Ø¤ï¤Ã¤¿ÆÃ¼ì¤ÊÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¡¢
¡¡¸Ä¿Í¤ÎǯÎð¤ä·ò¹¯ ¤½¤·¤Æ´¶¼õÀ­¤Ê¤É¤ò´Þ¤à¡¡¡Á¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¤½¤Î¾å¤Ë¡¢Ä¹´üÄãÀþÎÌÈïÇø¤Î·ò¹¯±Æ¶Á¤Ï¡¢º£¡¡²Ê³ØÅªµÄÏÀ¤¬·ÑÂ³Ãæ¤Î»öÊÁ
¡¡¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
 
¡¡The canonical, precautionary view, which extrapolates from studies of the health impacts of
high doses of radiation, is that any increment of increased radiation exposure, no matter how
small, increases an individual¡Çs chance of developing cancer or other health problems, and that
even unavoidable natural background radiation can contribute to health problems (53).
¡¡However, the relationship between radiation dose and health consequences has not been
established for doses below 100 mSv, and studies on animals indicate that much of the DNA
damage done by low-level radiation can be undone by natural DNA-repair mechanisms in the body
(61).
 
¡¡¡¡É¸½àŪ¤ÊͽËÉŪ¸«ÃÏ¡Á ¤³¤ì¤Ï ¹âÀþÎ̤ηò¹¯±Æ¶Á¤Î¸¦µæ¤«¤é³°ÁÞ¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤À¤¬
¡¡¡Á¤Ï¡¢Áý¤¨¤¿ÈïÇøÎ̤˱þ¤¸¤Æ¡¢¤É¤ó¤Ê¤Ë¡¡¤½¤ì¤¬¾®¤µ¤¯¤È¤â¡¢¤¬¤ó¤ä¾¤Î·ò¹¯ÌäÂ꤬
¡¡È¯À¸¤¹¤ëµ¡²ñ¤¬ ¸Ä¿Í¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÁý¤¨¡¢Èò¤±¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¼«Á³¤ÎŽÊŽÞޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ¤Ç¤µ¤¨ ·ò¹¯ÌäÂê
¡¡¤Ë´óÍ¿¤¹¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢ÀþÎ̤ȷò¹¯±Æ¶Á¤È¤Î´Ö¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ï¡¢100£í㏜°Ê²¼¤ÎÀþÎ̤ǤϳÎΩ¤µ¤ì¤Æ
¡¡¤¤¤º¡¢ ưʪ¼Â¸³¤Ç¤Ï¡¡ÄãÀþÎ̤ˤè¤Ã¤Æµ¯¤³¤ë DNA»½ý¤Î¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ï¡¢¿ÈÂΤΠ¼«Á³¤Ê
¡¡DNA½¤Éü¥á¥«¥Ë¥º¥à¤Ç¡¡¸µ¤É¤ª¤ê¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
 
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¤Ä¤Å¤¯¡Ë
¡Ê£³¡Ë ¤Î¤Ä¤Å¤­
 CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê£´¡Ë
 
Fukushima Radiation in the Ocean¡¡³¤ÍΤˤª¤±¤ë¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀþ
¡¡Over the long term the radioactive signature of the Fukushima accident can be most clearly
read in the waters of the North Pacific Ocean.
¡¡A large fraction of the initial atmospheric release of radionuclides was transferred to the North
Pacific through wet and dry deposition in the days following the accident (3, 5), so much so that
airborne concentrations of radioactive cesium-134 and -137 in North America were orders of
magnitude lower than those measured in Japan just a few days earlier (Figure 3).
Radionuclides also reached the sea via the direct discharge of cooling water from the plant, along
with surface run-off and groundwater seepage from contaminated areas of the power plant site.
¡¡Direct discharges to the ocean began at the end of March 2011, peaked in early April, and
continued in smaller amounts at least through the fall of 2012 (4, 10, 11, 13).
¡¡In addition, river runoff and groundwater discharge from contaminatedareas, along with seafloor
sediments off of Fukushima, are expected to supply relatively small but continuing doses of
radioactivity to the North Pacific for years to come (6, 39, 40).
 
¡¡¡¡Ä¹´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤ë ¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ»ö¸Î¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¹ï°õ¤Ï¡¢ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤγ¤¿å¤Ë¡¡¤â¤Ã¤È¤âÌÀÎÆ¤Ë
¡¡ÆÉ¤ß¼è¤ì¤ë¡£¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎÂ絤¤Ø¤Î½é´üÊü½Ð¤ÎÂçÉôʬ¤Ï¡¢»ö¸Î¸å¿ôÆü¤Ç¡¡¼¾À­µÚ¤Ó
¡¡´¥À­ÄÀÃå¤ò¤È¤ª¤·¤Æ¡¡ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤËÍ¢Á÷¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£¤½¤Î¤¿¤á¡¢ËÌŽ±ŽÒި޶¤Ç¤Î޾޼޳ŽÑ134¤È137¤Î
¡¡Âçµ¤Ãæ¤ÎÇ»Å٤ϡ¢¤Û¤ó¤Î¿ôÆüÁ°¡¡ÆüËܤǬ¤Ã¤¿Ãͤè¤ê¡¡°Ì¤¬ ¿ô¥±¥¿Ä㤫¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¡¤Þ¤¿¡¢¸¶È¯¥µ¥¤¥È¤Î±øÀ÷¶è°è¤«¤é¡¡É½ÌÌή½Ð ¤ä Ãϲ¼¿»Æ©¤òȼ¤¤
¡¡¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¸¶È¯¤ÎÎäµÑ¿å¤ÎľÀÜÊü½Ð¤òÄ̤¸¤Æ¡¢³¤ÍΤË㤷¤¿¡£
¡¡³¤ÍΤؤÎľÀÜŪ¤ÊÇӽФϡ¢2011ǯ3·î¤Î½ª¤ï¤ê¤Ë»Ï¤Þ¤ê¡¢4·î½é¤á¤Ë ¥Ô¡¼¥¯¤È¤Ê¤ê¡¢
¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â 2012ǯ½©¤Þ¤Ç¡¡¤è¤ê¾¯Î̤dz¤¤¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¤½¤Î¾å¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î³¤Äì¤ÎÂÏÀÑʪ¤Èȼ¤Ë¡¢±øÀ÷ÃÏÂÓ¤«¤é¤ÎÀî¤Îή¤ì¤äÃϲ¼¿å¤Îή½Ð
¡¡¤¬¡¢Í褿¤ë¿ôǯ´Ö ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤˡ¡Èæ³ÓŪ¾®¤µ¤¯¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¡·Ñ³Ū¤ËÊü¼ÍÀþÎ̤ò¶¡µë¤¹¤ë
¡¡¤À¤í¤¦¡£
 
¡¡In comparison to atmospheric circulation, which within days dispersed radioactive materials over
large areas of the globe, ocean currents move slowly; in the three years since the accident,
Fukushima-derived radionuclides have spread throughout the North Pacific, but are just beginning
to arrive along the North American coast (41).
The great size and relatively slow circulation of the Pacific have at least two important
implications for the spread of radioactivity in the wake of the disaster:
 
¡¡¡¡¿ôÆü°ÊÆâ¤Ë Êü¼Íǽʪ¼Á¤òÃϵå¤Î¹­¤¤ÃÏÂӤˤ錄¤Ã¤Æ³È»¶¤¹¤ëÂ絤½Û´Ä¤ÈÈæ³Ó¤·¤Æ¡¢
¡¡³¤Î®¤Ï¡¡¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤êư¤­¡¢»ö¸Î¤«¤é3ǯ·Ð¤Ã¤Æ¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¡ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤË
¡¡¹­¤¬¤ê¡¢ÃúÅÙ¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Î³¤´ß¤ËÅþ㤷»Ï¤á¤¿¡£
¡¡ÂÀÊ¿ÍΤι­Â礵 ¤È Èæ³ÓŪ¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤ê¤·¤¿³¤Î®¤Ï¡¢ºÒ³²¤ò·Àµ¡¤È¤·¤¿Êü¼Íǽ¤Î³È¤¬¤ê¤Ë
¡¡ÂФ¹¤ë¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¡¡£²¤Ä¤Î±Æ¶Á¤ò¤â¤Ä¡£
 
¡¡First, radioactivity released from Fukushima to the ocean has been massively diluted.
Second, in the years since the disaster, radionuclides with short half-lives (e.g., 131I) have been
removed through radioactive decay, leaving behind only a fraction of the total radioactivity initially
deposited in the ocean in the form of longer-lived radionuclides, chiefly 134Cs (t1/2 = 2.1 yr) and
137Cs (t1/2 = 30.1 yr).9
 
¡¡¡¡Âè°ì¤Ë¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤é³¤ÍΤؤÎÊü¼Íǽ¤ÎÊü½Ð¤¬¡¡Â絬ÌϤ˴õ¼á¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡ÂèÆó¤Ë¡¢Âç»´»ö¤«¤é¿ôǯ¤ÎÆâ¤Ë¡¢Ã»¼÷Ì¿¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¡ÊÎ㤨¤Ð ŽÖ޳ÁÇ131¡Ë¤ÏÊü¼ÍÀ­Êø²õ
¡¡¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ½ü¤«¤ì¡¢Åö½é¡¡³¤ÍΤ˽Ф¿ ÁíÊü¼Íǽ¤Î°ìÉô¤À¤±¤¬¡¢Ä¹¼÷Ì¿³Ë¼ï¤Î·Á¡Ê¼ç¤Ë
¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢137¡Ë¤Ç¡¡»Äα¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
 
¡¡Radioactive cesium persists in the ocean for long enough to be transported significant distances
by ocean currents.
The total input of 137Cs to the North Pacific from Fukushima are poorly constrained, with
estimates ranging from 14 – 90 PBq; estimates of the direct ocean discharge range from 4 to 41
PBq, with most in the range of 10-15 PBq (6).
 
¡¡¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Ï¡¢³¤Î®¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ ¤«¤Ê¤ê¤Îµ÷Î¥¤òÍ¢Á÷¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ë½½Ê¬Ä¹¤¯ ³¤ÍΤËα¤Þ¤ë¡£
¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤éËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¤ËÆþ¤Ã¤¿ ޾޼޳ŽÑ137Á´ÎÌ¤Ï Âç¤Þ¤«¤Ë14¡Á90¥Ú¥¿㏃¤È¸«ÀѤâ¤é¤ì¡¢
¡¡Ä¾Àܤγ¤ÍÎÊü½Ð¤Î¸«ÀѤâ¤ê¤Ï¡¡4¡Á41¥Ú¥¿㏃¤ËµÚ¤Ó¡¢ÂçÉôʬ¤Ï 10¡Á15¥Ú¥¿㏃¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡¡
 
¡¡For comparison, total 137Cs releases from the Chernobyl disaster were on the order of 100 PBq
 (of which ~20% reached the ocean), while global fallout from nuclear weapons testing was
approximately 950 PBq (with ~76 PBq still present in the North Pacific in 2011) (Figure 1) (6).
Based on this calculus, in the worst case the Fukushima disaster approximately doubled the
amount of 137Cs in the North Pacific, and given that 134Cs and 137Cs were released from
Fukushima in an approximate 1:1 ratio (13), may initially have tripled the total amount of
radioactive cesium in the North Pacific (134Cs, with a two-year half-life, decays much more
quickly than 137Cs).
 
¡¡¡¡Èæ³Ó¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢ŽÁŽªŽÙŽÉŽÌŽÞ޲ި Âç»´»ö¤«¤éÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿ ÁíŽ¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤Ï¡¢100¥Ú¥¿㏃¤Î޵ްŽÀŽÞް
¡¡¡Ê¤½¤Î20¡ó̤Ëþ¤¬³¤ÍΤË㤷¤¿¡Ë ¤À¤Ã¤¿¤·¡¢°ìÊý¡¡³Ë¼Â¸³¤Ç¤ÎÃϵ嵬ÌϤΎ̎«Ž°ŽÙޱ޳ŽÄ
¡¡¤Ï¡¢Ìó950¥Ú¥¿㏃ ¡Ê2011ǯ¤Ë¤Ï¡¡ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¤Ë ¤Ê¤ª 75¥Ú¥¿㏃̤Ëþ¤¢¤ë¡Ë¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¤³¤Î·×»»¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¤È¡¢ºÇ°­¤Î¥±¡¼¥¹¤Ç¤Ï ¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î»´»ö¤Ï ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤǤΎ¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤Î
¡¡Î̤ò Ìó£²Çܤˤ·¡¢¤â¤· ޾޼޳ŽÑ134¤È޾޼޳ŽÑ137¤¬ ¤Û¤Ü £±¡§£±¤ÎÈæ¤Ç ¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤éÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì
¡¡¤¿¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢ ½é´ü¤Ë¡¡ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤ÎÁíÎ̤ò£³Çܤˤ·¤¿¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£¡¡
 
¡¡However, in order to place the radiocesium release from Fukushima to the Pacific Ocean in the
proper context, it is important to understand that the oceans are naturally radioactive, with an
average background activity of ~14 Bq/L.10
Approximately 93% of this background radioactivity is produced by naturally-occurring radio
nuclides (mostly potassium-40, 40K) derived from the rock weathering and the erosion of
continental crust.
¡¡The remainder, about 7% (~1 Bq/L), is anthropogenic, deriving mostly from fallout from
atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, but also from the Chernobyl accident and discharges from
nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
 
¡¡¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤éÂÀÊ¿ÍΤؤΠÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤ÎÊü½Ð¤ò¡¡Å¬ÀÚ¤Êʸ̮¤ËÃÖ¤¯¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
¡¡³¤ÍÎ¤Ï ¸µÍè Êü¼ÍÀ­¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡ÊÊ¿¶Ñ¼«Á³Êü¼Íǽ 14㏃/£Ì¡Ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï
¡¡½ÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡£ 
¡¡¡¡¤³¤ÎŽÊŽÞޝޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ¤ÎÌó93¡ó¤Ï¡¢´ä¤ÎÉ÷²½¤äÃϳ̤ο»¿©¤ËͳÍ褷¤Æ¡¡¼«Á³¤ËȯÀ¸¤¹¤ë
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¡Ê ¤Û¤È¤ó¤É ޶ި޳ŽÑ40 ¡Ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æºî¤ê¤À¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¡¡»Ä¤êÌó£·¡ó¡Ê £±㏃/£Ì ̤Ëþ ¡Ë¤Ï ¿Í°Ùµ¯¸»¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ç¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ï Â絤·÷³Ë¼Â¸³¤ËͳÍ褷¡¢
¡¡¤Þ¤¿¡¡ŽÁŽªŽÙŽÉŽÌŽÞ޲ި»ö¸Î ¤ä ³ËdzÎÁºÆ½èÍý¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤«¤éÊü½Ð¤ËͳÍ褹¤ë¡£
 
¡¡The background activity of 137Cs in the North Pacific prior to Fukushima was 0.001–0.002
Bq/L; after 10 years, when model simulations indicate the cesium will have spread more or less
evenly throughout the entire ocean basin, basin-wide 137Cs concentration may double (to 0.002
 – 0.003 Bq/L) due to the accident(45, 46), but would still only amount to a tiny fraction of the
total radioactivity of the ocean.
  In summary, though the Fukushima disaster transferred a massive amount of radioactive material
to the ocean, on par with the worst nuclear accidents in history, in aggregate the additional
radioactivity added is small compared to both the natural inventory and the legacy of 20th century
nuclear weapons testing.
 
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ°ÊÁ°¤ÎËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¤Î Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤ÎŽÊŽÞޝޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ¤Ï¡¢0¡¥001¡Á0¡¥002㏃/£Ì¤Ç¡¢
¡¡¥·¥ß¥å¥ì¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¥â¥Ç¥ë¤¬¼¨¤¹10ǯ¸å¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Â¿¤«¤ì¾¯¤Ê¤«¤ì¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤Ï ³¤ÍΤÎËßÃÏÁ´ÂÎ
¡¡¤Ë ¶ÑÅù¤Ë¹­¤¬¤ê¡¢¤½¤Î ޾޼޳ŽÑ137Ç»Å٤ϡ¡»ö¸Î¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ £²ÇÜ¡Ê0¡¥002¡Á0¡¥003㏃/£Ì¡Ë¤Ë
¡¡¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¢ ¤Ê¤ª¡¡³¤ÍΤÎÊü¼ÍǽÁ´ÂΤΠ¤´¤¯°ìÉô¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤À¤±¤À¤í¤¦¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡Íפ¹¤ë¤Ë¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÂç»´»ö¤Ï¡¡³¤ÍÎ¤Ë ÂçÎ̤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤òÍ¢Á÷¤·¤¿¤±¤ì¤É¤â¡¢Îò»Ë¾å
¡¡ºÇ°­¤Î¸¶»ÒÎÏ»ö¸Î¤ÈÆ±ÄøÅ٤ǡ¢ ÄɲÃÊü¼ÍǽÁ´ÂÎ¤Ç¤Ï ¼«Á³¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î ¤È 20À¤µª¤Î
¡¡³Ë¼Â¸³¤Î°ä»º¤ÎξÊý¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¤Æ¾®¤µ¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
 
 
¡¡Spread of Fukushima Radioactivity into the North Pacific¡¡
¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÊü¼Íǽ¤ÎËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤؤγȻ¶
¡¡Approximately 99% of the direct discharge of radioactivity to the ocean from Fukushima took
place in the initial aftermath of the accident, when cooling waters that were used to flood the
damaged reactors were discharged to the artificial harbor area immediately seaward of the
nuclear power plant (11).
In early April, 137Cs concentrations in the discharge channels of the plant peaked at more than
50 million times greater than the pre-existing ocean background (13).
These high volume, high concentration discharges slowed greatly after April 6 when TEPCO
succeeded in stopping leaks from the damaged reactor units, but low-level discharge of
radioactive water, enough to maintain elevated (1 – 10 Bq/L) cesium concentrations off of the
plant, continued at least through the fall of 2012 (11, 47).
 
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤é³¤ÍΤؤÎÊü¼Íǽ¤ÎľÀÜÊü½Ð¤ÎÌó99¡ó¤Ï¡¡»ö¸Î¤Îľ¸å¤Î»þ´ü¤Ëµ¯¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡Â»½ý¤·¤¿¸¶»Òϧ¤ò¿å¿»¤·¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤¿ÎäµÑ¿å¤¬¡¡¸¶È¯¤Î ¤¹¤°³¤Â¦¤Î¿Í¹©¹Á
¡¡¥¨¥ê¥¢¤ËÇӽФµ¤ì¤¿»þ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡£´·î¾å½Ü¡¢¥×¥é¥ó¥ÈÇÓ¿å¹Â¤Ç¤Î ޾޼޳ŽÑ137Ç»Å٤κǹâÃͤϡ¢½¾Íè¤Î³¤ÍΤΎʎގ¯Ž¸Ž¸ŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ
¡¡¤Î 5000ËüÇܰʾå¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÂçÎ̤Ρ¢ü⤤ǻÅÙ¤ÎÊü½Ð¤Ï¡¢ÅìÅŤ¬Â»½ý¤·¤¿¸¶»Òϧ¤«¤é¤Îϳ¤ì¤ò»ß¤á¤ë¤³¤È
¡¡¤ËÀ®¸ù¤·¤¿ £´·î£¶Æü¤Î¸å¤Ë¤Ï¡¡¤¿¤¤¤Ø¤ó¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤ê¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤«¤é¤Î޾޼޳ŽÑÇ»ÅÙ¤ò¾å¾º¤µ¤»Â³¤±¤ë¤Ë½½Ê¬¤Ê¡¡Äã¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¿å¤ÎÊü½Ð¤Ï¡¢
¡¡¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¡¡2012ǯ½©¤Þ¤Ç¤Ï¡¡Â³¤¤¤¿¡£ 
 
¡¡On-going seepage of contaminated groundwater to the ocean has also been detected (12).
The open nature of the Fukushima coastline results in the rapid flushing of discharged water and
radionuclides away from the coast (15).
Together with atmospheric fallout, most of which occurred over the ocean to the east of Japan (3),
the directly-discharged radionuclides formed a plume of radioactive surface water that was
advected into the open North Pacific by the strong, eastward flowing Kuroshio Extension current
 (Figure 4).
 
¡¡¡¡³¤ÍΤ˿»Æ©¤·Â³¤±¤ë±øÀ÷¤µ¤ì¤¿Ãϲ¼¿å¤¬¡¢¤Þ¤¿¡¡¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î³¤´ßÀþ¤Ï¡¡³«¤±¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤¿¤á¡¢Êü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¿å¤äÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¡³¤´ß¤«¤é
¡¡µÞ®¤Ëή¤ì½Ð¤¿¡£¡¡
¡¡¤½¤Î¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤¬¡¡ÅìÆüËܤγ¤¾å¤Çµ¯¤Ã¤¿¡¡Â絤¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥ë¥¢¥¦¥È¤È¤È¤â¤Ë¡¢Ä¾ÀÜŪ¤Ë
¡¡Êü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿ Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¢ ¶¯¤¯ ÅìÊý¤Ëή¤ì¤ë Kuroshio Extension¡Ê¹õĬ³ή¡Ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
¡¡¹­¡¹¤È¤·¤¿ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤ˱¿¤Ð¤ì¤ë Êü¼Íǽ¤ÎɽÁØ¿å¤Î¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤ò·ÁÀ®¤·¤¿¡£
¡¡
 
¡¡In June 2011, £´months after the accident, the plume had spread eastward up to 600km
throughout the ¡Èmixed layer¡É (upper ~150m) of the ocean, but had not yet penetrated into deeper
waters (10).
134Cs concentrations between 30 and 600km offshore ranged from 0.1 – 3.9 Bq/L, with the
highest values measured in semi-permanent eddies of the Kuroshio Extension southeast of
Fukushima.
 
¡¡¡¡»ö¸Î¤«¤é4¤«·î¸å¤Î 2011ǯ6·î¤Ë¤Ï¡¢ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤Ï ³¤ÍΤΠMixed layer¡Ê³ÉÙÂÁØ¡¡É½ÁØ150£í¡Ë
¡¡¤òÄ̤äơ¡Åì¤Ë£¶£°£°£ë£í¤Þ¤Ç³È¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤¬¡¢¤è¤ê¿¼Áؤˤϡ¡¤Þ¤À¿»Æ©¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÆîÅì¤Î²­¹ç 30£ë£í¤È600£ë£í´Ö¤Î ¹õĬ³ή¤Î¹±¾ïŪ¤Ê±²¤Ç¬¤Ã¤¿ ޾޼޳ŽÑ
¡¡137¤ÎÇ»Å٤ϡ¢ºÇ¹âÃͤǡ¡0¡¥1¡Á 3¡¥9 ㏃/£Ì¤ÎÉý¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£¡¡¡¡
 
Interestingly, the Kuroshio Current system appears to have served both as a conduit for the
eastward transport of the radioactive plume and as a barrier to southward transport – in the
western North Pacific, the surface plume was essentially trapped within and north of the current
 (10, 48), directing the spread of the plume toward North America rather than Asia or Oceania.
In the months and years following the disaster, the radioactive plume continued to spread
eastward into the central North Pacific (e.g., 41, 47, 48, 49, 50).
 
¡¡¡¡¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤¤³¤È¤Ë¡¢¹õĬ¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï ËÌÀ¾ÂÀÊ¿ÍΤˤª¤¤¤Æ¡¡Êü¼ÍǽŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ÎÀ¾Êý¤Ø¤Î
¡¡Í¢Á÷¤Î¤¿¤á¤ÎÄÌÏ©¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë¡¢Æî¤Ø¤ÎÍ¢Á÷¤Î¾ãÊɤȤ·¤Æ¡¡Æ¯¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡£
¡¡¤½¤ÎɽÌ̥ץ롼¥à¤Ï¡¢ËܼÁŪ¤Ë¡¡¥¢¥¸¥¢¤ä¥ª¥»¥¢¥Ë¥¢¤è¤ê ¤à¤·¤íËÌÊÆ¤Ë¸þ¤Ã¤Æ ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤Î
¡¡³È¤¬¤ê¤òƳ¤­¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢³¤Î®¤ÎÃæ ¤ª¤è¤ÓË̤ËÊĤ¸¹þ¤á¤é¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡ºÒ³²¤«¤é¿ô¤«·î µÚ¤Ó¿ôǯ¡¢Êü¼Íǽ¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤Ï¡¡Åì¤Ë ÃæÉôËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤع­¤¬¤ê³¤±¤¿¡£
 
¡¡Beyond coastal Japan, measurements are sparse, and generally not sufficient to delineate the
boundaries of the plume in three dimensions, but its general eastward progress can be tracked,
and the measured concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs compared with the predictions of several
model simulations of plume evolution (46, 51, 52) (see Figure 4).
 
¡¡¡¡ÆüËܤαè´ß¤Î³°¤Ï¡¢Â¬Äê¤Ï¤Þ¤Ð¤é¤Ç¡¢³µ¤·¤Æ¡¡ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤Î¶­³¦¤ò»°¼¡¸µ¤Çɽ¸½¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï
¡¡ÉÔ½½Ê¬¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤ÎÂç¤Þ¤«¤Ê Åì¤Ø¤Î¿Ê¹Ô¤Ï¡¡ÄÉÀפǤ­¤ë¡£
¡¡¿Þ£´¤Ç¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¤È137¤Î¬ÄêÇ»Å٤ϡ¢ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ÎŸ³«¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î ´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î޼ŽÐŽ­ŽÚް޼ޮŽÝ
¡¡ŽÓŽÃŽÞŽÙ¤Îͽ¬¤ÈÈæ³Ó¤·¤¿¡£
 
 By the winter of 2012, the leading edge of the plume at ~40º N latitude had crossed the
International Dateline (180º E longitude), with an estimated rate of spread of about 8 cm/s
(~4 mi/d) and a peak combined 134+137Cs concentration of 0.02 Bq/L. (47, 49).
Though still elevated above the pre-accident background, this value is more than 3 million times
lower than peak concentrations measured immediately offshore of Fukushima in April, 2011 (13),
providing some idea of the degree of dilution, radioactive decay, and cesium removal (e.g., through
adsorption to sinking particles) that had occurred to that point.
 
¡¡¡¡2012ǯ¤ÎÅߤޤǤˡ¢Ḛ̈Þ40Å٤ǤΥץ롼¥à¤ÎÀèü¤Ï¡¡ÆüÉÕÊѹ¹Àþ¤ò±Û¤¨¡¢³È¤¬¤ê¤Î
¡¡¿äÄê®ÅÙ¤Ï ËèÉ㸣ã£í¡Ê1Æü£´ŽÏ޲ŽÙ¡Ë¤Ç ޾޼޳ŽÑ134¤È137¤Î¹ç·×¤ÎºÇ¹âÇ»ÅÙ¤Ï 0¡¥02㏃/£Ì
¡¡¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡»ö¸ÎÁ°¤ÎŽÊŽÞޝޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ¤è¤ê¤â¡¡¤Ê¤ª¹â¤¤¤¬¡¢¤³¤ÎÃͤϡ¡2011ǯ3·î¤Ë¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î±è´ß¤Ç
¡¡Ä¾¤Á¤Ë¬Äꤷ¤¿ºÇ¹âÇ»Å٤Ρ¡£±/ 300ËüÇܰʲ¼¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¡´õ¼áÅÙ¤äÊü¼ÍÀ­Êø²õ¡¢
¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡¤½¤³¤Çµ¯¤Ã¤¿ ޾޼޳ŽÑ¤Î°Üư¡¡¡ÊÎ㤨¤Ð¡¢ÄÀ¹ßγ»Ò¤Ø¤ÎµÛÃå¤ò¤È¤ª¤·¤Æ¡Ë¤Ê¤É¤¬
¡¡¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
 
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¤Ä¤Å¤¯¡Ë


 Êü¼ÍǽĴººÊó¹ð½ñ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¿À®24 ǯĴºº·ë²Ì
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¿À®26ǯ3·î¡¡¡¡¡¡³¤¾åÊݰÂÄ£¡¡³¤ÍξðÊóÉô
¡¡¡¡Ê¿À®24ǯ¡Ê2012ǯ¡Ë¤Ë¼Â»Ü¤·¤¿¡ÖÆüË᳤ܶ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë³¤¿åµÚ¤Ó³¤ÄìÅÚ¤ÎÊü¼ÍǽĴºº¡×¡¢
¡¡¡¡¡Ö¿¼³¤°è¡ÊÆüËܳ¤¡¦¥ª¥Û¡¼¥Ä¥¯³¤¡¦ÂçÊ¿ÍΡˤˤª¤±¤ë³¤¿åµÚ¤Ó³¤ÄìÅÚ¤ÎÊü¼ÍǽĴºº¡×
¡¡
 
                          ¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦
¡Ê£²¡Ë¤Î¤Ä¤Å¤­
 
 CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê£³¡Ë
 
Atmospheric Radioactivity in Western North America¡¡
ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«À¾Éô¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÂçµ¤Ãæ¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¡¡
Air & Particulates¡¡¡¡
Â絤¤ÈÈùγ»Ò
¡¡Fukushima-derived radionuclides began to be detected at air monitoring stations along the west
coast of North America between March 15 - 18, 2011, three to six days after the explosions
at Fukushima Units 1 – 4 (16, 17, 19, 20, 23-25).
Though many real-time monitoring stations (e.g., EPA¡Çs RadNet network, Health Canada¡Çs Fixed
Point Network) were equipped to detect only gross levels of airborne radiation, other stations
were equipped to test for specific radionuclides at very low concentrations3, including 131I, 132I,
132Te, 134Cs, 137Cs, and in a few locations, 133Xe and other radioactive noble gases (17, 20, 26).
 
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¢ŽÌޏ޼ŽÏ¤Î£±¡Á£´¹æµ¡Çúȯ¤Î¸å £³Æü¤«¤é£¶Æü¸å¤Î2011ǯ
¡¡3·î15¡Á18Æü¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤ÎÀ¾³¤´ß¤Ëʤó¤Ç¤¤¤ë Â絤 ŽÓŽÆŽÀŽØŽÝޏŽÞ ޽ŽÃް޼ޮŽÝ¤Ç ¸¡½Ð
¡¡¤µ¤ì»Ï¤á¤¿¡£
  ¡¡Â¿¤¯¤Î ިޱŽÙŽÀ޲ŽÑ ¤Î ŽÓŽÆŽÀŽØŽÝޏŽÞ޽ŽÃް޼ޮŽÝ ¡ÊEPA¤Î RadNet¤ÎŽÈޝŽÄŽÜްޏ¡¢¥«¥Ê¥ÀÊÝ·ò¾Ê¤Î¸ÇÄê¾ì½ê
¡¡ŽÈޝŽÄŽÜްޏ¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¤¿¤À Â絤¤ÇÀ¸¤Þ¤ì¤¿ÁíÊü¼ÍÀþŽÚŽÍŽÞŽÙ¤ò¸¡½Ð¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËÀßÃÖ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¬¡¢Â¾¤Î
¡¡Ž½ŽÃް޼ޮŽÝ¤Ï¡¢Èó¾ï¤ËÄãÇ»ÅÙ¤ÎÆÃÄê¤Î³Ë¼ï ¡ÁŽÖ޳ÁÇ131¡¢132¡¢ŽÃŽÙŽÙ132¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢137¡¢
¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ ´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î¾ì½ê¤Ç¤Ï Ž·Ž¾ŽÉŽÝ133¤È ¾¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­´õ¥¬¥¹¡Á ¤òÄ´¤Ù¤ë¤¿¤áÀßÃÖ¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
 
¡¡Measured peak concentration of these radionuclides ranged widely, but in general were hundreds
or thousands of times lower than those measured at Japanese stations near Fukushima.
¡¡The largest single component of the airborne radioactive plume to reach North America was
133Xe, but as noted above, this noble gas is inert and poses little risk because it is not absorbed
by the body or the environment (8, 20).
¡¡Levels of 133Xe in air samples from Canada and the United States declined steadily after a peak
in late March, 2011, and had dropped below detection limits by the end of May (17, 20, 26).
¡¡Peak airborne concentrations along the West Coast of the other, more hazardous radionuclides4
in the weeks following the accident fell within the range of 7–104 mBq/m3 (0.016–0.104 Bq/m3),
with much (40-100%) of the total attributable to 131I (19).
 
¡¡¡¡¤³¤ì¤é¤Î³Ë¼ï¤Î¬Äꤵ¤ì¤¿¥Ô¡¼¥¯Ç»ÅÙ¤ÏÉý¹­¤¤¤¬¡¢¤·¤«¤·¡¡°ìÈ̤ˤϡ¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Ë¶á¤¤
¡¡ÆüËܤάÄê½ê¤Î¤½¤ì¤è¤ê¤â¡¡¿ô100¤Ê¤¤¤·¿ô1000ÇܤâÄ㤤¡£
¡¡¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Ë㤷¤¿¶õµ¤Ãæ¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤ÎºÇÂç¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ï¡¢Ž·Ž¾ŽÉŽÝ133¤À¤¬¡¢¾å½Ò
¡¡¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢´õ¥¬¥¹¤Ï¡¡ÉÔ³èÀ­¤Ç¡¡¤Û¤È¤ó¤É´í¸±¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¡£¤Ê¤¼¤Ê¤é¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¡ÂΤä´Ä¶­¤Ë
¡¡¼è¤ê¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤«¤é¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¥«¥Ê¥À¤äÊÆ¹ñ¤«¤é¤Î¶õµ¤¥µ¥ó¥×¥ëÃæ¤Î޷޾ŽÉŽÝ133¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï¡¢2011ǯ3·îËö¤Î¥Ô¡¼¥¯¸å¡¢
¡¡Â®¤ä¤«¤Ë¸º¾¯¤·¤¿¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢5·î½ª¤ê¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¡¡¸¡½Ð¸Â³¦Ì¤Ëþ¤ËÍî¤Á¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡»ö¸Î¤«¤é¿ô½µ´Ö¤Ë¡¢À¾³¤´ß¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë ¾¤Î³Ë¼ï¡Á¤è¤êÍ­³²¤ÊÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¡Á¤Î¶õµ¤ÃæÇ»ÅÙ
¡¡¤ÎŽËŽßްޏ¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ÎÁíÎ̤ο¤¯¡Ê40¡Á100¡ó¡Ë¤Ï ¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¤Ëµ¯°ø¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é£·¡Á104£í㏃/m3
¡¡Ì¤Ëþ¤Ë²¼¤Ã¤¿¡£
 
 ¡¡In California, peak values in air samples were detected on March 17-18 in San Francisco and
Berkeley (31-35 mBq m-3), March 21 in Anaheim (70.3mBq m-3) and March 22 in San Bernardino
(40.7 mBq m-3) (19, 23).
Airborne concentrations of radionuclides dropped quickly after March 2011, and, with the
exception of longer-lived 134Cs and 137Cs, were generally undetectable within six weeks of
the accident (e.g., 17, 19, 24, 25).
134Cs and 137Cs persisted at trace levels (¡Á1000 times below peak values) in on-going air
monitoring at Berkeley through the end of 2012 (23).
 
¡¡¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¢¶õµ¤¥µ¥ó¥×¥ë¤Î¥Ô¡¼¥¯Ãͤϥµ¥ó¥Õ¥é¥ó¥·¥¹¥³¤È¥Ð¡¼¥¯¥ì¡¼¤Ç¡¡
¡¡3·î17¡Á18Æü¤Ë¸¡½Ð¡Ê 31¡Á35£í㏃/m3 ¡Ë¤µ¤ì¡¢¥¢¥Ê¥Ï¥¤¥à¤Ç¡¡21Æü¡Ê 70¡¥3£í㏃/m3 ¡Ë¡¢
¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¥µ¥ó¡¦¥Ù¥ë¥Ê¥ë¥Ç¥£¥ª¤Ç¡¡3·î22Æü¡Ê 40¡¥7£í㏃/m3 ¡Ë¤Ë¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î¶õµ¤ÃæÇ»Å٤ϡ¢2011ǯ3·î¤Î¸å¤Ï¡¢Â®¤ä¤«¤Ë²¼¤¬¤Ã¤¿¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢
¡¡°ìÈÌŪ¤ËĹ¼÷Ì¿¤Î޾޼޳ŽÑ134¤È137¤ò½ü¤±¤Ð¡¢¡¡»ö¸Î6½µ´Ö°ÊÆâ¤Ë¡¡¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¤È޾޼޳ŽÑ137¤Ï¡¢2012ǯ¤Î½ª¤ï¤ê¤Þ¤Ç¡¡¥Ð¡¼¥¯¥ì¡¼¤Î·Ñ³ŪÂ絤¥â¥Ë¥¿¥ê¥ó¥°¤Ç
¡¡¸¡½Ð¥ì¥Ù¥ë¡Ê¥Ô¡¼¥¯ÃͤΣ±/1000ÇṲ̈Ëþ¡Ë¡¡¤ò°Ý»ý¤·¤¿¡£¡¡
 

Precipitation¡¡¹ß±«
¡¡Wet deposition in precipitation is the primary means by which Fukushima-derived radionuclides
have been removed from the atmosphere, as documented by detection of fission products in
rainfall occurring in Japan, North America, and Eurasia in the weeks following the disaster (e.g.,
 17, 21, 27, 28). 131I, 134Cs or 137Cs from Fukushima were detected at ¡Á20¡ó of 167 sampled
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring sites in the United States between
March 12 – April 5, 2011, including at four of twelve sites in California (21).
 
¡¡¡¡¹ß±«¤Ç¤Î¼¾À­ÄÀÃå¤Ï¡¢Âç»´»ö¤Ë³¤¯ ¿ô½µ´Ö¤Ë¡¡ÆüËÜ¡¢ËÌŽ±ŽÒި޶¡¢ŽÕްŽ×޼ޱ¤Ç¹ß¤Ã¤¿±«
¡¡¤Ë¡¡³ËʬÎöÀ¸À®Êª¤Î¸¡½Ð¤¬µ­Ï¿¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤¬¡¡Â絤
¡¡¤«¤é½ü¤«¤ì¤ë ¼ç¤ÊÊýË¡¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡¡
  ¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤é¤Î ¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢137¤¬¡¢ 2011ǯ 3·î12Æü¤«¤é4·î5Æü¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¢
¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Î12¤«½ê¤ÎÆâ 4¥«½ê¤âÆþ¤ì¤Æ¡¢Ž±ŽÒި޶¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë 167 ¤ÎNADP ŽÓŽÆŽÀŽØŽÝޏŽÞ޻޲ŽÄ
¡¡¤Î¤¦¤Á ¡ã20¡ó¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡
 
 March 2011 was an unusually wet month in California (~200% of normal monthly precipitation in
the Bay Area) due to several large storms which resulted in discrete wet deposition events on
March 18-20 and 22-26.
Radionuclide activities measured in precipitation from these storms at various California locations
ranged from about 2 – 20 Bq/L for 131I, the most abundant isotope detected, and 1-2 orders of
magnitude lower (¡Á0.03 – 1.4 Bq/L) for 132I, 132Te, 134Cs, and 137Cs (19, 21-23).5
More extended sampling at Oroville and Richmond demonstrated that radionuclide concentrations
in rainfall declined rapidly beginning in early April, and that only 134Cs and 137Cs were present,
at low levels, after 70 days (19, 23).
However, it is worth noting that low levels of radioactive cesium (<0.01Bq/L) were still detectable
in rainwater during subsequent wet seasons in 2012 and 2013 (23), reflecting the continued
presence of Fukushima-derived cesium in the atmosphere.
 
¡¡¡¡2011ǯ£³·î¤Ï¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ï¡¡°Û¾ï¤Ë±«¤Î¿¤¤·î¤À¤Ã¤¿¡ÊŽ»ŽÝŽÌŽ×ŽÝŽ¼Ž½Žº¡¦ŽÍŽÞ޲޴ިޱ ¤Ç¤Ï
¡¡Ä̾ï¤Î·î´Ö¹ß±«Î̤Î200¡ó¡Ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢3·î18¡Á20Æü¤È22¡Á26Æü¤ËÉÔϢ³¤Ê¼¾À­ÄÀÃå
¡¡¤ò·ë²Ì¤·¤¿¡¡¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÂçÍò¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡Ž¶ŽØŽÌŽ«ŽÙޯޱ½£¤ÎÍÍ¡¹¤Ê¾ì½ê¤Ç ¤³¤ì¤éÂçÍò¤Î¹ß±«¤Ç¬¤é¤ì¤¿Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎÀþÎ̤ϡ¢
¡¡¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿ ºÇ¤â¿¤«¤Ã¤¿Æ±°Ì¸µÁǤǤ¢¤ë ¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¤Ç¡¡Ìó2¡Á20㏃/£Ì¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢
¡¡¥è¥¦ÁÇ132¡¢ŽÃŽÙŽÙ132¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢137¤Ï¡¡°Ì¤¬£±¡Á£²°Ì Ä㤫¤Ã¤¿¡Ê¡ã0¡¥03¡Á1¡¥4㏃/£Ì¡Ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¥ª¡¼¥í¥Ó¥ë¤È¥ê¥Ã¥Á¥â¥ó¥É¤Ç¤Î¤è¤ê¹­°è¤ÎŽ»ŽÝŽÌŽßŽØŽÝޏŽÞ¤Ï¡¢¹ß±«¤Ç¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎÇ»ÅÙ¤Ï
¡¡4·î»Ï¤á¤ËµÞ®¤Ë¸º¾¯¤·¡¢70Æü¸å¤Ë¤Ï ¤¿¤À޾޼޳ŽÑ134¤È137¤À¤±¤¬ Ä㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¸ºß
¡¡¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤·¤¿¡£
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢Äã¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¡Ê¡ã0¡¥01㏃/£Ì¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤Î¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤¬¡¡
  Âçµ¤Ãæ¤Ë¸ºß¤·Â³¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤òÈ¿±Ç¤·¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ë³¤¯ 2012ǯ¤È2013ǯ¤Î±«µ¨¤Î´Ö¡¢
¡¡¹ß±«¤Ë ¤Ê¤ª¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£
 
 
Surface Waters, Soil & Food¡¡ÃÏɽ¿å¡¢ÅÚ¾í¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¿©Êª
¡¡Fukushima-derived radionuclides transferred from the atmosphere to the land through rainout
or dry deposition have the potential to contaminate soil and water supplies, and to enter the
food chain.
¡¡Evidence of this is seen in reports from Japan documenting contaminated soils (28, 29), surface
waters (28, 30) and food products (e.g., 31) in the areas surrounding Fukushima.
¡¡Other studies have explored impacts to wildlife and ecosystems; findings include elevated levels
of radioactive cesium in plant and animal tissues (32-34), reduced bird populations (35) and
physiological and genetic damage in butterflies living near the nuclear plant (36).
¡¡As discussed above, concentrations of radionuclides in air and water samples in California were
orders of magnitude lower than in Japan, limiting, in theory, the potential for dangerous levels of
contamination on the land surface.
¡¡This prediction is largely borne out in the available data, though surprisingly little research effort
has been devoted to this issue in California.
 
¡¡¡¡¥ì¥¤¥ó¥¢¥¦¥È¤ä´¥À­ÄÀÃå¤Ç Â絤¤«¤éÂçÃϤ˱¿¤Ð¤ì¤¿ ¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¢
¡¡ÅÚ¾í¤Èµë¿å¤ò±øÀ÷¤·¡¡¿©ÊªÏ¢º¿¤ËÆþ¤ê¹þ¤à²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¤³¤Î¾Úµò¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î¼þÊÕÃϰè¤Ç¡¡±øÀ÷¤µ¤ì¤¿ÅÚÃÏ¡¢ÃÏɽ¿å¡¢¿©Éʤòµ­Ï¿¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë
¡¡ÆüËܤÎÊó¹ð½ñ¤ÎÃæ¤Ë¸«¤¨¤ë¡£
¡¡Â¾¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ï¡¢ÌîÀ¸Æ°Êª¤äÀ¸ÂַϤؤαƶÁ¤òÄ´ºº¤·¤¿¡£¤½¤ÎÄ´ºº·ë²Ì¤Ë¤Ï ¿¢Êª¤äưʪ
¡¡¤ÎÁÈ¿¥¤Ç¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ¤ÎÃͤξ徺 ¤ä Ä»¤Î¸ÄÂοô¤Î¸º¾¯¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ ¸¶È¯¶á¤¯¤Ç¡¡Ä³¤Î
¡¡À¸Íý³ØÅª¡¦°äÅÁŪ¤Ê»½ý¤ò´Þ¤à¡£
¡¡¡¡¾å½Ò¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ç¤ÎÂ絤¤È¿å¤Î¥µ¥ó¥×¥ë¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎÇ»Å٤ϡ¢ÆüËÜ
¡¡¤è¤ê¡¡¿ô¥±¥¿Ä㤯¡¢ ÍýÏÀŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¡ÃÏɽÌ̤ˤª¤±¤ë±øÀ÷¤Ï ´í¸±¤Ê¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
¡¡¤³¤Îͽ¬¤Ï¡¡¹­¤¯Í­¸ú¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ç¾ÚµòΩ¤Æ¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£°Õ³°¤Ë¤â¡¢¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ç¡¡¤³¤Î
¡¡ÌäÂê¤Ë¤¢¤Æ¤é¤ì¤¿Ä´ººÅØÎϤϡ¡¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤¬¡£
 
¡¡Researchers at UC Berkeley (BRAWM, RadWatch) have undertaken one of the few ¡Èvertically
integrated¡É studies of Fukushima radionuclides in the environment, including measurements in air,
rainfall, surface and drinking water, soil, plants, and food items in Northern California (22, 23, 37).
¡¡This sampling effort detected minute quantities of 131I and 137Cs (≤ 0.1 Bq/L) in Berkeley tap
-water and runoff in a local creek between March 25 – 30, 2011, but nothing thereafter.
¡¡Perhaps more importantly from a statewide perspective, no Fukushima radionuclides were
detected in snowmelt runoff to Hetch Hetchy reservoir, in the central Sierra Nevada, in June
2011.
¡¡Sampling of soil and sediments from several California locations6 detected a clear pulse of 131I,
134Cs and 137Cs between April – June 2011, with only 137Cs remaining above the pre-accident
background thereafter (through Nov 2012).
 
¡¡¡¡¥«¥Ê¥À¤Î¥Ð¥ó¥¯¡¼¥Ð¡¼¤Î¸¦µæ¼Ô¤é¤Ï¡¢ËÌ¥«¥ë¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ç¤ÎÂ絤¡¦±«¡¦ÃÏɽ¿å¤ä°ûÎÁ¿å
¡¡¡¦ÅÚ¾í¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ ¿©ÎÁÉʤάÄê¤âÆþ¤ì¤Æ¡¢´Ä¶­Ãæ¤Î¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î³Ë¼ï¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¿âľÊý¸þ¤Ë
¡¡Åý¹ç¤µ¤ì¤¿ ¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¸¦µæ¤Î°ì¤Ä¤ò´ë¿Þ¤·¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¤³¤ÎŽ»ŽÝŽÌŽßŽØŽÝޏŽÞ¤ÎÅØÎϤǡ¢2011ǯ3·î25Æü¤«¤é30Æü¤Þ¤Ç¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¢¥Ð¡¼¥¯¥ì¡¼¤Î¿åÆ»¿å
¡¡¤ä ¤¢¤ë¾®Àî¤Îή¤ì¤Ç¡¢ÈùÎ̤Π¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¤È޾޼޳ŽÑ137¡Ê¡å0¡¥1㏃/L¡Ë¤ò¸¡½Ð¤·¤¿¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢
¡¡¤½¤Î¸å¤Ï¡¡Ì¤¸¡½Ð¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡Â¿Ê¬¡¡½£Á´ÂΤλëÅÀ¤«¤é¤Ï ¤â¤Ã¤È½ÅÍפʤ³¤È¤À¤¬¡¢2011ǯ6·î¤Ë¡¢Ãæ±û޼޴Ž×ŽÈŽÊŽÞŽÀŽÞ»³Ì®
¡¡¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡¡Hetch Hetchy ¡ÊŽÖ޾ŽÐŽÃÊÆ¹ñΩ¸ø±à¤Î¿å·Ï¡Ë ¤ÎÃù¿åÃÓ¤Ëή¤ì¹þ¤àÀã²ò¤±¿å¤Ë¡¢
¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¡¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Î¾ì½ê¤«¤é¤ÎÅÚ¾í¤äÂÏÀÑʪ¤ÎŽ»ŽÝŽÌŽßŽÙ¤Ë¡¡2011ǯ4·î¤«¤é6·î
¡¡¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¡¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤ÎÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ê¥Ñ¥ë¥¹¤ò¸¡½Ð¤·¤¿¡£¤¿¤À ޾޼޳ŽÑ137
¡¡¤À¤±¤Ï¡¢¤½¤Î¸å¡Ê2012ǯ11·î¤Þ¤Ç¡Ë¡¡»ö¸Î°ÊÁ°¤ÎŽÊŽÞޝޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞ¤òͤ¨¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£
 
¡¡
¡¡Plant and food samples7 collected in the Bay Area in April and May 2011 contained detectable
concentrations of Fukushima-derived 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs, indicating that low-level
contamination of the water and soil had worked its way into local ecosystems (19, 23, 37).
¡¡However, in all cases, the radionuclides were detected at levels many times below those of
naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes (e.g., 40K, 210Pb, 7Be) and applicable health limits.
For example, measured levels of Fukushima-derived radioactivity in Bay Area milk samples (1.4 –
2 Bq/L, mostly 131I, 134Cs, 137Cs ) was still 25 times lower than that attributable to naturally-
occurring potassium-40, and hundreds of times lower than the U.S. FDA¡Çs ¡Èintervention levels¡É
for iodine-131 (174 Bq/L) and radiocesium (1221 Bq/L, 134+137Cs) (38).8
Moreover, the detectable contamination appears to have been short-lived: Fukushima-deriderived
radionuclides were not found in Bay Area food products after May, 2011 (19, 23, 37).
 
¡¡¡¡¥Ù¥¤¡¦¥¨¥ê¥¢¤Ç¼ý½¸¤·¤¿¿¢Êª¤ä¿©ÉʤΥµ¥ó¥×¥ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Ä㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Î¿å¤äÅڤαøÀ÷¤¬
¡¡Ãϰè¤ÎÀ¸ÂַϤ˼è¤ê¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤¹¸¡½Ð²Äǽ¤ÊÇ»Å٤Π¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤Î¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¡¢
¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£
 ¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ç¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¡¼«Á³È¯À¸¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­Æ±°Ì¸µÁÇ¡ÊÎ㤨¤Ð
¡¡Ž¶ŽØŽ³ŽÑ40¡¢±ô210¡¢ŽÍŽÞިި޳ŽÑ 7¡Ë¤è¤ê¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ µ¬À©ÃͤΠ²¿ÇܤâÄ㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¥Ù¥¤¡¦¥¨¥ê¥¢¤Î¥ß¥ë¥¯¤Î¥µ¥ó¥×¥ë¤Ç¤Î¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î¼Â¬¥ì¥Ù¥ë
¡¡¡Ê1¡¥4¡Á2㏃/L¡¢¼ç¤Ë ŽÖ޳ÁÇ131¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢137¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¼«Á³È¯À¸¤Î޶ި޳ŽÑ40¤Ë¤è¤ëÃͤè¤ê¤â
¡¡¤Ê¤ª 25ÇܤâÄ㤯¡¢Ž±ŽÒި޶FDA¤Î²ðÆþŽÚŽÍŽÞŽÙ¡Ê¥è¥¦ÁÇ131 174㏃/L¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ 1221㏃/L¡Ë
¡¡¤è¤ê¡¡¿ôÉ´ÇܤâÄ㤤¡£
¡¡¡¡¤½¤Î¾å¤Ë¡¢¸¡½Ð²Äǽ¤Ê±øÀ÷¤Ï¡¢Ã»¼÷Ì¿¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ç¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï
¡¡2011ǯ5·î°Ê¹ß¡¡¥Ù¥¤¡¦¥¨¥ê¥¢¤Ç¤Ï¡¡¿©ÎÁÉʤˤϸ«¤Ä¤«¤é¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
 
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Governmental Limits on Radionuclides in Food & Drinking Water
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¿©ÉʤȰûÎÁ¿å¤Îµ¬À©ÃÍ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡U.S. EPA Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Levels¡¡°ûÎÁ¿å¤Î±øÀ÷¥ì¥Ù¥ë
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡• 0¡¥04 mSv/yr ¡¡Gross beta & photon radiation *¡¡¡¡Á´¦ÂÀþ¤È¸÷»Ò¡Ê¦Ã¡ËÀþ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡• 0¡¥56 Bq/L ¡¡¡¡ Gross alpha radiation #¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Á´¦ÁÀþ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡dose-based limit, equivalent to ¡Á3 Bq/L of 131I, 134Cs or 137Cs
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡¢137¤Î¡¡£³㏃/£Ì̤Ëþ¤ËÁêÅö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡#¡¡ No alpha emitters were detected in the U.S. following the Fukushima disaster
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÂçºÒ³²¤Î¸å¡¢Êƹñ¤Ç¤Ï¡¡¦ÁÀþ¤Ï¡¡¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¢¨¡¡£Õ¡¥£Ó¡¥£Å£Ð£Á¡§¡¡US Environmental Protection Agency
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡U.S. FDA Derived Intervention Limits for Food
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡• 170 Bq/kg ¡¡¡¡Iodine-131  (173¡¥9 Bq/L, milk)
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡• 1200 Bq/kg ¡¡Cesium-134 + 137  (1221 Bq/L, milk)
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡• 160 Bq/kg ¡¡  Strontium-90  (162¡¥8 Bq/L, milk)
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¢¨¡¡£Õ¡¥£Ó¡¥£Æ£Ä£Á¡§¡¡U S Food and Drug Administration¡¡¡Ê¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¿©ÉʰåÌôÉʶɡË
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revised Japanese Limit on Radiocesium in Seafood¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡³¤»ºÊª¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë²þÄû¤µ¤ì¤¿ÆüËܤε¬À©ÃÍ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡• 100 Bq/kg ¡¡¡¡Cesium-134 + 137
¡¡
 
 
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¤Ä¤Å¤¯¡Ë
¡Ê£±¡Ë ¤Î¤Ä¤Å¤­
 CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê£²¡Ë
 
Disaster at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant¡¡Ê¡ÅçÂè°ì¸¶È¯¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÂç»´»ö
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¦¡¦¡¦
 Radioactivity Released into the Environment¡¡´Ä¶­¤ËÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Êü¼Íǽ
 
¡¡The Fukushima NPP disaster represents the second largest accidental release of anthropogenic
radiation to the environment in history, after only the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster
in the Ukraine.
In contrast to the Chernobyl disaster, which occurred at an inland location, most of the
radionuclides released at Fukushima were deposited in the North Pacific Ocean (3, 5, 6), either
through atmospheric fallout or direct discharge.
¡¡The total amount of radioactivity released from Fukushima is not well-constrained, but was far
smaller than the amounts released during the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
in the 1940s – 1960s.
 Without minimizing the magnitude of the Fukushima disaster, it is important to place the accident in
the context of the much larger existing sources of environmental radioactivity, including the legacy
of weapons testing and the background radiation resulting from the decay of naturally-occurring
radioactive elements (e.g., 40K, 238U, etc.) (Figure 1).
¡¡ It is also important to understand that the Fukushima release consisted of multiple radionuclides
with distinct modes of release, chemical properties, radioactive half-lives, and behavior in the
environment, all of which influence the potential for environmental harm.
 
¡¡¡¡Ê¡Å縶ȯ¤Î»´»ö¤Ï¡¢´Ä¶­¤Ø¤Î¿Í°Ùµ¯¸»¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î ͽ´ü¤·¤Ê¤¤Êü½Ð¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¢Îò»Ë¾å¡¡
¡¡Í£°ì¡¡1986ǯ¤Î¥¦¥¯¥é¥¤¥Ê¤Ç¤Î ŽÁŽªŽÙŽÉŽÌŽÞ޲ި ¸¶È¯¤ÎÂ绲»ö¤Ë¼¡¤°¡¢ºÇÂ絬ÌϤΤâ¤Î¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡ÆâΦ¤Î¾ì½ê¤Çµ¯¤Ã¤¿ ŽÁŽªŽÙŽÉŽÌŽÞ޲ި Â绲»ö¤ÈÂоÈŪ¤Ë¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÇÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î
¡¡¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ï¡¢Â絤¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥ë¥¢¥¦¥È ¤ä ľÀÜÊü½Ð¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤËÄÀÃ夷¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤éÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Êü¼Íǽ¤ÎÁíÎ̤ϡ¢ÉԳΤ«¤À¤¬¡¡1940ǯÂ夫¤é60ǯÂå¤ÎÂ絤·÷
¡¡³Ë¼Â¸³¤Î´Ö¤ËÊü½Ð¤µ¤ìÎ̤è¤ê¤Ï¡¡¤º¤Ã¤È¾®¤µ¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÂç»´»ö¤ÎÂ礭¤µ¤ò²á¾®É¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢ ´û¸¤Î´Ä¶­Êü¼Íǽ ¡Á ³Ë¼Â¸³¤Î
¡¡»Äα ¤ä ¼«Á³µ¯¸»¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­¸µÁǡʎ¶ŽØŽ³ŽÑ40¡¢Ž³Ž×ŽÝ238¤Ê¤É¡Ë¤ÎÊø²õ¤Ë¤è¤ëŽÊŽÞޝޏޏŽÞŽ×޳ŽÝŽÄŽÞÊü¼ÍÀþ
¡¡¤ò´Þ¤à¡Á ¤Î¡¡¤Ï¤ë¤«¤Ë Â礭¤ÊÍ×°ø¤ò¹Í¤¨¤Æ¡¢¤³¤Î»ö¸Î¤ò¸«¤¹¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¤Þ¤¿¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÊü½Ð¤Ï¡¢Ê̸ĤηÁÂÖ¤ò¤â¤Ã¤¿¡¡Ê£¿ô¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤«¤é¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò
¡¡Íý²ò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤é¤Ë¤Ï¡¢²½³ØÅªÀ­¼Á¡¢È¾¸º´ü¡¢´Ä¶­Ãæ¤Ç¤Îµóư¡¢´Ä¶­¤Î³²
¡¡¤ËÂФ¹¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤¬ ¤¢¤ë¡£

¡¡The primary release of radioactivity to the atmosphere occurred within a week of the accident,
from March 12 – 18, 2011, with subsequent releases occurring in much smaller amounts.
¡¡Estimates of the total atmospheric release range from 11,500 to >20,000 peta Becquerels (PBq,
10¡°15 Bq; see sidebar), with most of this occurring as xenon-133 (133Xe, t1/2 = 5.25 d) and
other inert, short-lived noble gases (3, 7-9).
¡¡Other radionuclides such as iodine-131 (131I, t1/2 = 8.0 d), cesium-134 (134Cs, t1/2 = 2.1 yr)
and cesium-137 (137Cs, t1/2 = 30.1 yr) were also released in significant quantities and pose
greater potential risks to human and ecosystem health due to their reactivity, mobility in the
environment, and biological availability.
 
¡¡¡¡Â絤¤Ø¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î½é´üÊü½Ð¤Ï¡¡»ö¸Î°ì½µ´Ö°ÊÆâ¡Á2011ǯ3·î12¡Ý18Æü¡Á¤Ëµ¯¤ê¡¢
¡¡¤½¤ì¤Ë³¤¤¤Æ¡¢¤Ï¤ë¤«¤Ë¾¯¤Ê¤¤Î̤ÎÊü½Ð¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡Âçµ¤Ãæ¤Ø¤ÎÁ´Êü½ÐÎ̤θ«ÀѤâ¤ê¤Ï¡¢¡¡£±£±£µ£°£°¥Ú¥¿㏃¤«¤é £²£°£°£°£°¥Ú¥¿㏃°Ê¾å¤ËµÚ¤Ö¡£
¡¡¤½¤ÎÂçÉôʬ¤Ï¡¡¥­¥»¥Î¥ó133¡ÊȾ¸º´ü¡§£²¡¥£±Ç¯¡Ë¤È¾¤ÎÉÔ³èÀ­¤ÎûȾ¸º´ü¤Î´õ¥¬¥¹¤È¤·¤Æ
¡¡¸«½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¥Ú¥¿¡§¡¡1015¡Ê¡áÀéÃû¡ËÇÜ
¡¡¡¡¤Þ¤¿¡¢¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¡ÊȾ¸º´ü¡§8¡¥0Æü¡Ë¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134¡ÊƱ¡§2¡¥1ǯ¡Ë¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ ޾޼޳ŽÑ137¡ÊƱ¡§30¡¥1ǯ¡Ë
¡¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¡¡Â¾¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤â¡¡ÂçÎ̤ËÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¡¢¤½¤ÎÈ¿±þÀ­¡¢´Ä¶­¤Ç¤Î°ÜưÀ­¡¢À¸Êª¤Ë
¡¡¤ª¤±¤ëÍ­ÍÑÀ­¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¡¿Í´Ö¤äÀ¸ÂַϤηòÁ´À­¤Ë¡¡¤è¤êÂ礭¤ÊÀøºßŪ¤Ê¥ê¥¹¥¯¤ò¤â¤¿¤é¤¹¡£
 
¡¡Direct releases of radioactive water to the ocean trailed the reactor meltdown by several weeks,
peaking in early April, and continuing at lower levels at least through the fall of 2012 (4, 10, 11).
¡¡Seepage of groundwater contaminated with high levels of radioactive cesium and strontium-90
(90Sr, t1/2 = 28.9 yr) from beneath the plant represents a small but on-going source of radioactivity
to the ocean, while a growing stockpile of contaminated water is being stored on-site at the plant,
presenting a risk of future leakage (12).
¡¡Direct discharges to the ocean have been dominated by 134Cs and 137Cs, with estimates of the
total radioactive cesium input ranging from about 8 to 80 PBq (6).2
 
¡¡¡¡Êü¼Íǽ±øÀ÷¿å¤Î³¤ÍΤؤÎľÀÜÅê´þ¤Ï¡¢¸¶»Òϧ¤Î ŽÒŽÙŽÄŽÀŽÞ޳ŽÝ ¸å¡¡¿ô½µ´Ö·Ð¤Ã¤Æ¤«¤é¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¤½¤Î¥Ô¡¼¥¯¤Ï¡¡£´·î»Ï¤á¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â £²£°£±£²Ç¯¤Î½©¤òÄ̤¸¤Æ¡¡Äã¥ì¥Ù¥ë±øÀ÷¿å¤ò
¡¡Î®¤·Â³¤±¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤Î²¼¤«¤é¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤ä¥¹¥È¥í¥ó¥Á¥¦¥à90¡ÊȾ¸º´ü¡§28¡¥9ǯ¡Ë¤Î¹â¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë
¡¡±øÀ÷¤µ¤ì¤¿Ãϲ¼¿å¤Îϳ½Ð¤Ï¡¢µ¬ÌϤϾ®¤µ¤¤¤¬ ·Ñ³Ū¤Ê¡¡³¤ÍαøÀ÷¤ÎÂåɽŪ¤ÊÍ×°ø¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡°ìÊý¡¢Áý¤¨¤ë±øÀ÷¿å¤Ï¡¢¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤ÎÉßÃÏÆâ¤Ë¡¡Ãߤ¨¤é¤ì³¤±¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¾­Íè¤Îϳ½Ð¥ê¥¹¥¯¤Î
¡¡ÂåɽŪ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡³¤ÍΤؤÎľÀÜÊü½Ð¤Ï¡¢Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ134 ¤È ޾޼޳ŽÑ137¤¬»ÙÇÛŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤ÎÁíÎ̤Ï
¡¡Ì󣸥ڥ¿㏃¤«¤é£¸£°¥Ú¥¿㏃¤ÎÉý¤Ç¸«ÀѤâ¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
 

¡¡Table 1 provides a list of the primary radionuclides released as a result of the Fukushima disaster,
along with information on their half-lives, estimated abundances, and modes of release.
 
¡¡¡¡Table 1:¡Ê¸¶Ê¸¡¡22¡¿26ŽÍŽßް޼ŽÞ¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞÂçºÒ³²¤Î·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¡Êü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿½é´ü¤Î
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡¡¤½¤ì¤é¤ÎȾ¸º´ü¡¢¸«ÀѤâ¤êÎÌ¡¢¤½¤·¤ÆÊü½Ð·ÁÂ֤ˤĤ¤¤Æ¤Î
¡¡¾ðÊó¤â¡¡¹ç¤ï¤»¤ÆºÜ¤»¤Æ¤¢¤ë¡£
 
¡¡The range and quantities of radionuclides released were strongly influenced by the specifics of
the disaster.
The Fukushima nuclear accident was characterized by the overheating of reactor cores, leading to
the venting of radioactive gas and to hydrogen explosions, and, separately, fires in the spent fuel
repository of Unit 4.
As a result, Fukushima releases were dominated by gases and volatile fission products (e.g., noble
gases, iodine, cesium), with little of the refractory fission products (e.g., isotopes of neptunium,
barium, cerium, ruthenium, etc.) and primary nuclear fuels (plutonium, uranium) that contributed to
the radioactivity released by the Chernobyl disaster, which consisted of explosions that breached
the reactor cores and extensive, long-lasting fires (6, 14, 15).
 
¡¡
¡¡
Êü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿³Ë¼ï¤Î¼ïÎà¤ÈÎ̤ϡ¢ÂçºÒ³²¤ÎÆÃ°ÛÀ­¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡¶¯¤¯±Æ¶Á¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡Ê¡Å縶ȯ»ö¸Î¤Ï¡¢¸¶»Òϧ¤ÎÃæ¿´¤Î²áÇ®¤È¡¡¤½¤ì¤Ë³¤¯Êü¼ÍÀ­¥¬¥¹¤Î¥Ù¥ó¥ÈµÚ¤Ó¿åÁÇÇúȯ¡¢
¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Ê̤ˡ¡£´¹æµ¡¤Î»ÈÍѺѤ߳ËdzÎÁ¥×¡¼¥ë¤Î²ÐºÒ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÆÃħ¤Å¤±¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¤½¤Î·ë²Ì¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÊü½Ð¤Ï¡¢¥¬¥¹¤È´øÈ¯À­³ËʬÎöÀ¸À®Êª¡Ê ¤¿¤È¤¨¤Ð¡¢´õ޶ŽÞ޽¡¢ŽÖ޳ÁÇ¡¢
¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ ¡Ë¤¬°µÅÝŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ Æñ´øÈ¯À­³Ë¤ÎʬÎöÀ¸À®Êª¡Ê ¤¿¤È¤¨¤Ð¡¢ŽÈŽÌŽßŽÂޯ޳ŽÑ¡¢ŽÊŽÞި޳ŽÑ¡¢Ž¾ŽØŽ³ŽÑ¡¢
¡¡ŽÙŽÃޯ޳ŽÑ¤ÎƱ°ÌÂÎ ¡Ë¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡¸¶»Òϧ¥³¥¢¤ò³ä¤Ã¤¿Çúȯ ¤È ¹­ÈƤËĹ´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤Ã¤¿²ÐºÒ¤«¤é
¡¡¤Ê¤ë ŽÁŽªŽÙŽÉŽÌŽÞ޲ި¤ÇÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Êü¼Íǽ¤Ë¹×¸¥¤·¤¿¼çÍפʳËdzÎÁ¡ÊŽÌŽßŽÙŽÄޯ޳ŽÑ¡¢Ž³Ž×ޯ޳ŽÑ¡Ë¤¬¡¢
¡¡¤½¤ì¤Ë¡¡¾¯ÎÌ ¤È¤â¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
 
In the aftermath of Fukushima, the radionuclides of greatest concern are those which were released
in large quantities, are most bioavailable (i.e., easily taken up by organisms) and/or have long
half-lives, allowing them to persist in the environment.
 
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤Î·ë²Ì¤Ç¡¢¤â¤Ã¤È¤â·üǰ¤¹¤Ù¤­Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¢ÂçÎ̤ËÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢
¡¡¤â¤Ã¤È¤âÀ¸Êª¤¬ÍøÍѤ¹¤ë¤â¤Î¡Ê¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢À¸Êª¤¬¼è¤ê¹þ¤ß¤ä¤¹¤¤¤â¤Î¡Ë¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ °¿¤Ï ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
¡¡´Ä¶­¤Ë¡¡¤º¤Ã¤È¸ºß¤¹¤ëŤ¤È¾¸º´ü¤ò¤â¤Ä¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
 
Accordingly, studies of atmospheric deposition have focused on isotopes of iodine (131I, 132I, 133I),
tellurium (132Te) and cesium (134Cs, 137Cs), which were most abundant in the initial fallout, and
had the potential to affect human populations within days of the accident.
The most abundant radionuclide released at Fukushima, 133Xe, was monitored but presents less
of an environmental and health concern because it is an inert gas that was not deposited into the
environment.
Studies of ocean radiation, taking into account the relatively long transport times associated with
ocean currents, have focused on 134Cs, 137Cs, and 90Sr, which will persist in the ocean for
decades to come.
 
¡¡¡¡¤½¤ì¤æ¤¨¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­¹ß²¼Êª¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ï¡¢½é´ü¤ÎŽÌޫްŽÙޱ޳ŽÄ¤Ç¡¡¤â¤Ã¤È¤â¿¤¯¡¢»ö¸Î ¿ôÆü°ÊÆâ
¡¡¤Ë¡¡¿Í´Ö½¸ÃĤ˱ƶÁ¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤ò¤â¤ÄƱ°ÌÂΤǤ¢¤ë¥è¥¦ÁÇ¡Ê131¡¢132¡¢133¡Ë¡¢¥Æ¥ë¥ë
¡¡¡Ê132¡Ë¡¡¤½¤·¤Æ ¥»¥·¥¦¥à¡Ê134¡¢137¡Ë¤Ë¡¡¾ÇÅÀ¤ò¹ç¤ï¤»¤Æ¤­¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÇÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿ ¤â¤Ã¤È¤â¿¤¤³Ë¼ï¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥­¥»¥Î¥ó133¤Ï¡¡¸¡ºº¤Ï¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¬¡¢´Ä¶­¤Ë
¡¡ÄÀÃ夷¤Ê¤¤ÉÔ³èÀ­¥¬¥¹¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢´Ä¶­¤ä·ò¹¯¤Ø¤Î·üǰ¤Ï¡¡¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ê¤¤¡£
 
¡¡¡¡³¤ÍÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ï¡¢³¤Î®¤È´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë Èæ³ÓŪŤ¤Í¢Á÷»þ´Ö¤ò¹Íθ¤·¤Æ¡¢¾­Íè¡¡¿ô½½Ç¯
¡¡¤Î´Ö¡¡³¤ÍΤ˻Äα¤·Â³¤±¤ë¤À¤í¤¦ ¥»¥·¥¦¥à134¤È¥»¥·¥¦¥à137¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ ¥¹¥È¥í¥ó¥Á¥¦¥à90¤Ë
¡¡¾ÇÅÀ¤ò¹ç¤ï¤»¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

¡¡The radioactive isotopes listed in Table 1 are known products of nuclear fission, and are thus, by
definition, anthropogenic.
Prior to the accident, only longer-lived 137Cs was present in the atmosphere and ocean in trace
quantities, a relic of atmospheric H-bomb testing in the 1950s and 1960s, and to much lesser
degrees, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and intentional releases from several nuclear reprocessing
plants.
Detection of the shorter-lived isotopes (e.g., 131I, 132I, 132Te, 134Cs) in atmospheric fallout and
ocean water, in addition to elevated activities of 137Cs, provides incontrovertible evidence of a
recent source at Fukushima.
 
¡¡¡¡Table 1 ¤ËºÜ¤»¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊü¼ÍÀ­Æ±°Ì¸µÁǤϡ¢³ËʬÎö¤ÎÀ¸À®Êª¤È¤·¤ÆÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤«¤¯¤·¤Æ
¡¡ÄêµÁ¾å¡¡¿Í°Ùµ¯¸»¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡»ö¸Î°ÊÁ°¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤¿¤À¡¡Ä¹¼÷Ì¿¤Î ޾޼޳ŽÑ137 ¤À¤±¤¬¡¡Â絤¤È³¤ÍΤˡ¡ÈùÎ̤ˤ¢¤Ã¤¿¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢
¡¡1950ǯÂå¤È60ǯÂå¤Î¿åÇú¼Â¸³¤Î°äʪ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡1986ǯ¤ÎŽÁŽªŽÙŽÉŽÌŽÞ޲ި»ö¸Î¤È´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î
¡¡ºÆ½èÍý¹©¾ì¤«¤é¤Î°Õ¿ÞŪ¤ÊÊü½Ð¤¬¡¡¤º¤Ã¤È¾¯¤Ê¤¤ÄøÅ٤Ǥ¢¤Ã¤¿¡£
 
¡¡Radioactive materials leaked from the Fukushima NPP have been transported in the environment
along two main pathways: (1) rapidly, via atmospheric circulation; and (2) slowly, via ocean currents.
A third ¡Èbiological¡É pathway, encompassing both human activities and radionuclide transport in the
tissues of migratory organisms such as birds or fish, is small relative to atmospheric and ocean
transport, but is of concern to human and ecosystem health.
 
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¸¶È¯¤«¤éϳ¤ì¤¿Êü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤Ï¡¢Æó¤Ä¤Î¼çÍפʷÐÏ©¡§¡Ê£±¡Ë®¤ä¤«¤Ë Â絤½Û´Ä ·Ðͳ
¡¡¤Ç¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡¡Ê£²¡Ë¡¡¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤ê¤È¡¡³¤Î® ·Ðͳ¤Ç¡¢´Ä¶­¤ËÍ¢Á÷¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡3ÈÖÌܤÎÀ¸Êª³ØÅª·ÐÏ© ¡Á ¿Í´Ö³èư ¤È Ä»¤äµû¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê°Üư¤¹¤ëÀ¸¤­Êª¤ÎÁÈ¿¥¤Ç¤Î
¡¡³Ë¼ï¤Î°Üư¤ò´Þ¤à ¡Á ¤Ï¡¢Â絤¤ä³¤ÍΤÎÍ¢Á÷¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¤Æ ¾®¤µ¤¤¤¬¡¢¿Í´Ö¤äÀ¸ÂַϤηòÁ´À­
¡¡¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¡¡½ÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡£
 
¡¡The following discussion examines each of these pathways and summarizes the best available
science on the distribution of radionuclides from Fukushima in the environment (with a particular
focus on the California coast), and on the level of risk to humans and marine ecosystems.
 
¡¡¡¡¼¡¤Î¸¡Æ¤¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Î·ÐÏ©¤Î³Æ¡¹¤òÄ´¤Ù¡¢¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤é´Ä¶­¤Ë½Ð¤¿Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎʬÉÛ
¡¡¡Ê޶ިŽÌŽ«ŽÙޯޱ±è´ß¤ò ÆÃ¤ËÃæ¿´¤È¤·¤Æ¡Ë ¤È ¿Í´Ö¤È³¤ÍÎÀ¸ÂַϤؤΥꥹ¥¯¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¡
¡¡ºÇ¤â¤è¤¯¤Þ¤È¤Þ¤Ã¤¿²Ê³Ø¤òÍ×Ì󤹤롣
 
 
¡¡Atmospheric Transport & Deposition of Fukushima Radiation
¡¡¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¡¡Â絤͢Á÷¤ÈÄÀÃå
¡¡Several massive pulses of radionuclides were released to the atmosphere from Fukushima
between March 12 and 18, 2011, representing the majority of the radioactivity released by
this pathway (3, 16).
The radioactive plume was rapidly entrained by the strong westerly winds that dominate at this
latitude during the winter, and within days was dispersed and transported eastward throughout
the Northern Hemisphere.
¡¡Fukushima-derived radionuclides were first detected in air samples in western North America
on March 15, in Western Europe between March 19 – 23, and had circled the globe within 18 days
of the accident (7, 16-18).
The evolution of the radioactive plume over time was controlled in part by atmospheric circulation
and in part by the chemical characteristics of the individual radionuclides.
 
¡¡¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î ¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÂ絬ÌϤÊÇȤ¬¡¢2011ǯ3·î12Æü¤È18Æü¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥Þ¤«¤é
¡¡Â絤¤ËÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¡¢¤³¤ì¤¬¡¡¤³¤Î·ÐÏ©¤Ë¤è¤ëÊü¼ÍǽÊü½Ð¤ÎÂçÉôʬ¤òÂåɽ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡Êü¼Íǽ¤Î ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤Ï ®¤ä¤«¤Ë¡¢Åßµ¨¤Ë ¤³¤Î°ÞÅ٤ǻÙÇÛŪ¤Ê¶¯¤¤À¾É÷¤Ë¾è¤ê¡¢¿ôÆü°ÊÆâ¤Ë
¡¡³È»¶¤·¤Æ¡¡ËÌȾµå¤òÅìÊý¤ËÍ¢Á÷¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Ï¡¢ºÇ½é¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤ÎÀ¾Éô¤Ç¡¡3·î15Æü¤Ë¶õµ¤¤Î»îÎÁ¤«¤é¡¢
¡¡3·î19¡Á23Æü¤Ë À¾¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢»ö¸Î¤«¤é18Æü°ÊÆâ¤Ë Ãϵå¤ò°ì¼þ¤·¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡Êü¼Íǽ¤Î ŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ÎĹ»þ´Ö¤Îư¸þ¤Ï¡¢°ìÉô¤Ï¡¡Â絤½Û´Ä¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¢°ìÉô¤Ï¡¡¸Ä¡¹¤Î³Ë¼ï¤Î
¡¡²½³ØÅªÀ­¼Á¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ»ÙÇÛ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
 
¡¡For example, the radioactive noble gas 133Xe (t1/2 = 5.25 d) is inert and does not deposit, and
declined relatively quickly through radioactive decay.
Other radionuclides which were abundant in the initial plume, including radioactive iodine (131, 132,
133I), 132Te (t1/2 = 3.2 d), and three cesium isotopes (134,136, 137Cs) can be dissolved in
rainwater or deposited as aerosols, which hastens their removal and transfer from the atmospheric
plume to terrestrial and marine environments.
Based on air and precipitation monitoring at Japanese sites (e.g., 16) in comparison to North
American sites (e.g., 16, 17, 19-23), and on atmospheric modeling (e.g., 3, 5, 9), most of the
Fukushima-derived radionuclides were removed through rainfall and dry deposition prior to reaching
North America (Figure 3).
One widely-cited study estimates that as of April, 2011, 18% of the total fallout of 137Cs had been
deposited in Japan and 80% in the North Pacific Ocean, with just 2% reaching other land areas (3).
 
¡¡¡¡Î㤨¤Ð¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­¤Î´õ¥¬¥¹¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥­¥»¥Î¥ó133¡Ê133Xe¡¡È¾¸º´ü¡§5¡¥25Æü¡Ë¤Ï¡¢ÉÔ³èÀ­¤Ç ÄÀÃå
¡¡¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ê¤¯¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­Êø²õ¡Ê¦ÂÊø²õ¡Ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡Èæ³ÓŪ®¤ä¤«¤Ë¸º¿ê¤¹¤ë¡£
¡¡½é´ü¤ÎŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤ËÂçÎ̤ˤ¢¤Ã¤¿ ¾¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï ¡Á Êü¼ÍÀ­ŽÖ޳ÁÇ¡Ê131¡¢132¡¢133¡Ë¡¢ŽÃŽÙŽÙ132
¡¡¡ÊȾ¸º´ü¡§3¡¥2Æü¡Ë¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¡£³¤Ä¤Î޾޼޳ŽÑ¤ÎƱ°ÌÂΡÊ134¡¢136¡¢137¡Ë ¡Á ¤Ï¡¢±«¿å¤ËÍϤ±¤¿¤ê¡¡
¡¡¥¨¥¢¥í¥¾¥ë¤È¤·¤ÆÄÀÃ夷¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¢¡ÊÂ絤¤«¤é¤Î¡Ë½üµî¤òÁá¤á¤Æ¡¢Â絤¤ÎŽÌŽßŽÙްŽÑ¤«¤é
¡¡Î¦¤ä³¤¤Î´Ä¶­¤Ë°Üư¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¤¿ ÆüËܤǤζõµ¤¤ÈÅÚ¾í¡Ê¡©¡Ë¤ÎŽÓŽÆŽÀŽØŽÝޏŽÞ ¤È Â絤ŽÓŽÃŽÞŽÙ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¤È¡¢
¡¡¥Õ¥¯¥·¥ÞͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎÂçÉôʬ¤Ï¡¢ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Ë㤹¤ëÁ°¤Ë ¹ß±«¤È´¥À­ÄÀÃå¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
¡¡½ü¤«¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡¤¢¤ë¹­°è¸¦µæ¤Ï¡¢2011ǯ4·î»þÅÀ¤Ç¡¡Ž¾Ž¼Ž³ŽÑ137¤ÎÁ´¥Õ¥©¡¼¥ë¥¢¥¦¥È¤Î£±£¸¡ó¤¬ ÆüËܤËÍî¤Á¡¢
¡¡£¸£°¡ó¤¬ ÂÀÊ¿ÍΤˡ¢ £²¡ó¤¬ ¾¤ÎΦ°è¤Ë㤷¤¿¤È¸«ÀѤâ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¤Ä¤Å¤¯¡Ë
CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ
 
 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê£±¡Ë

April £³£°¡¤ £²£°£±£´¡¡
¡¡¡¡TO: ¡¡Coastal Commissioners and Interested Parties
¡¡¡¡FROM: ¡¡Charles Lester, Executive Director
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ Alison Dettmer, Deputy Director
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ Joseph Street, Environmental Scientist
¡¡¡¡SUBJECT: ¡¡Report on the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Disaster and Radioactivity
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡along the California Coast.
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¡ÅçÂè°ì¸¶È¯»ö¸Î¤È¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢±è´ß¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÊó¹ð½ñ



 
¡¡Coastal Commission staff has received numerous inquiries on the March 2011 accident
at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Attached for your information is
a report investigating the release of radioactivity materials during the disaster and the
implications for residents of California.  Staff¡Çs conclusions are presented in the summary
below, and in greater detail in the attached briefing report.
 
¡¡¡¡±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ¤Î¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥Õ¤Ï¡¢ÆüËܤˤ¢¤ëÊ¡Åç°ì¸¶Âèȯ¤Ç¤Î¡¡£²£°£±£±Ç¯£³·î¤Î»ö¸Î¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë
¿¤¯¤ÎÌ䤤¹ç¤ï¤»¤ò¼õ¤±¤Æ¤­¤¿¡£¡¡»²¹Í¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¡¢¡¡»ö¸Î¤Î´Ö¤ËÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Êü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤È
¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Îµï½»¼Ô¤ËÂФ¹¤ë±Æ¶Á¤òÄ´ºº¤·¤¿Êó¹ð½ñ¤òźÉÕÃפ¹¤ë¡£°Ñ°÷²ñ¤Î·ëÏÀ¤Ï
²¼¤ÎÍ×Ìó¤Ë·ÇºÜ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¤µ¤é¤Ë¾Ü¤·¤¤¤³¤È¤Ï¡¡ÅºÉÕ¤·¤¿Êó¹ð½ñ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£

 
Report Summary¡¡Êó¹ð½ñ¤ÎÍ×Ìó
¡¡The Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami of March 11, 2011, led to the partial meltdown
of several nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, on the northeast
coast of Japan, and to the discharge of large amounts of radioactive material to the atmosphere
and the North Pacific Ocean.
 
¡¡¡¡£²£°£±£±Ç¯£³·î¤Î µðÂç¤ÊÅìËÌÃϿ̤ÈÄÅÇȤϡ¢ÆüËܤÎËÌÅì±è´ß¤Ë¤¢¤ëÊ¡ÅçÂè°ì¸¶È¯¤Ç¤Î
¡¡¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¸¶»Òϧ¤ËÉôʬŪ¤Ê¥á¥ë¥È¥À¥¦¥ó¤ò°ú¤­µ¯¤³¤·¤¿¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Â絤¤ÈËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤˡ¡
  ËÄÂç¤ÊÊü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤òÇӽФ·¤¿¡£
 
¡¡Estimates of the total release range widely, but the accident is generally recognized as the
second largest accidental release of radioactivity in history, after only the Chernobyl disaster
in 1986.
¡¡Because the Pacific Coast of North America is downwind and ¡Èdown-current¡É of Japan, the
accident has led to widespread public concern about the prospect of radioactive contamination
along the coast, and, in some cases, the spread of inaccurate or misleading information.
 
¡¡¡¡Êü½ÐÁ´ÂΤθ«ÀѤâ¤ê¤Ï¡¢¹­¤¤ÈϰϤ˵ڤ֡£ ¤·¤«¤·¡¢°ìÈ̤ˤϡ¡Îò»ËŪ¤Ë ¤¿¤À£±£¹£¸£¶Ç¯
¡¡¤Î¥Á¥§¥ë¥Î¥Ö¥¤¥ê¤Î»ö¸Î¸å¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¡¡£²ÈÖÌܤÎÂ礭¤ÊÊü¼ÍǽÊü½Ð»ö¸Î¤È¤·¤ÆÍý²ò¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡ËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤ÎÂÀÊ¿Íαè´ß¤Ï¡¡ÆüËܤÎÉ÷²¼¤Ë¤¢¤ê¡¡¤«¤Äµ¤Î®¤¬²¼¹ß¤¹¤ë¾ì½ê¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢
¡¡»ö¸Î¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ ±è´ß¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ±øÀ÷¤Î¸«Ä̤·¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ ¸ø½°¤Î·üǰ¤¬¹­¤¬¤ê¡¢´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î¾ì¹ç
¡¡ÉÔÀµ³Î¤Ê °¿¤Ï ¸í¤Ã¤¿¾ðÊ󤬳Ȼ¶¤·¤¿¡£
 
¡¡The purpose of this report is to provide the Coastal Commission and the general public with
a reliable source of information on the Fukushima disaster, the dispersal of radioactive materials
in the atmosphere and ocean, and the levels of radioactivity detected in California, based on
a review of the best available science.
 
¡¡¡¡¤³¤ÎÊó¹ð½ñ¤ÎÌÜŪ¤Ï¡¢±è´ß°Ñ°÷²ñ¤È°ìÈ̸ø½°¤Ë¡¢Ê¡Åç»ö¸Î¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢Â絤¤È³¤ÍΤؤÎ
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤Î³È»¶¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ  ºÇ¤âÍøÍѤǤ­¤ë²Ê³Ø¤ÎºÆ¶ãÌ£¤Ë¤â¤È¤Å¤¯¡¡Ž¶ŽÙŽÌŽ«ŽÙޯޱ
¡¡¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Êü¼Íǽ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢¿®Íê¤Ç¤­¤ë¾ðÊ󸻤òÄ󶡤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

¡¡Several large pulses of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere in the first week after
the tsunami, coinciding with explosions and fires in multiple Fukushima reactor buildings.
The atmospheric plume, mostly consisting of radioactive gases and volatile elements, was entrained
by the mid-latitude westerly winds and transported around the Northern Hemisphere.
¡¡Most of the atmospheric radioactivity was deposited in the North Pacific or on land areas of
Japan through rainfall or dry deposition.
¡¡A small fraction reached the West Coast within 4-7 days of the accident, resulting in detectable
levels of airborne radioactivity in California.
¡¡Airborne radionuclides, in particular iodine-131, cesium-134 and cesium-137, were partially
transferred to the land surface through fallout, and were detectable at low levels in soils,
surface waters, drinking water and food products for several months after the accident.
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡ÄÅÇȤθ塡ºÇ½é¤Î½µ¤Ë¡¢Ê£¿ô¤Î¸¶»Òϧ·ú²°¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÇúȯ¤È²ÐºÒ¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë¡¢¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î
¡¡Â礭¤ÊÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤ÎÇÈÆ°¤¬¡¡Âçµ¤Ãæ¤ØÊü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤Ï¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­¤Î¥¬¥¹
¡¡¤È´øÈ¯À­¸µÁǤ«¤é¤Ê¤ê¡¢Ãæ°ÞÅÙÊÐÀ¾É÷¤Ë¾è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡ËÌȾµå¤Î¤Þ¤ï¤ê¤ËÍ¢Á÷¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
¡¡Âçµ¤Ãæ¤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¤Î¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ï¡¢ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤäÆüËܤÎΦÃÏ¤Ë ±«¤ä´¥À­ÄÀÃå¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÄÀÃ夷¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡¤½¤Î ¤Û¤ó¤Î¤ï¤º¤«¤¬¡¢»ö¸Î¸å £´¡Á£·Æü°ÊÆâ¤Ë¡¡ÊÆÀ¾³¤´ß¤Ë㤷¡¢¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ç¤Ï
¡¡ÉâÍ·Êü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤Ï¡¡¸¡½Ð²Äǽ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡ÉâÍ·³Ë¼ï¡Á ÆÃ¤Ë¡¡¥è¥¦ÁÇ131¤È¥»¥·¥¦¥à134¡¢137 ¡Á ¤Ï¡¢°ìÉô¤Ï¡¡¥Õ¥©¡¼¥ë¥¢¥¦¥È¤òÄ̤·¤Æ¡¡
¡¡ÃÏɽÌ̤˱¿¤Ð¤ì¡¢»ö¸Î¸å¡¡¿ô¤«·î¤Î´Ö¡¡ÅÚ¤äɽÌ̿塢°ûÎÁ¿å¡¢¿©Éʤˡ¡Ä㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç
¡¡¸¡½Ð¤·¤¿¡£ 
 
¡¡Radioactive fallout to the North Pacific was augmented by the direct discharge of large volumes
of radioactive water from the nuclear power plant in the weeks following the accident.
¡¡Though the largest releases to the ocean (emergency cooling water used in the damaged reactors)
ended in April 2011, on-going leaks from the plant, contaminated river runoff, groundwater leakage
and leaching from nearshore sediments continue to introduce new radioactivity to the ocean near
Japan.
¡¡Over the last three years, the radioactive ocean plume has been carried eastward by ocean
currents, becoming increasingly diluted as it spreads over an ever-larger area and mixes to
greater depths.
 
¡¡¡¡»ö¸Î¤Ë³¤¯ ¿ô½µ´Ö¤Ë ¸¶»ÒÎÏ¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤«¤é ÂçÎ̤ÎÊü¼Íǽ¿å¤¬¡¡Ä¾ÀÜ¡¡Êü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢
¡¡ËÌÂÀÊ¿ÍΤؤΠÊü¼ÍÀ­¥Õ¥©¡¼¥ë¥¢¥¦¥È¤Ï¡¡Áý²Ã¤·¤¿¡£
¡¡³¤ÍΤؤκÇÂç¤ÎÊü½Ð¡Ê²õ¤ì¤¿¸¶»Òϧ¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¤¿¶ÛµÞÎäµÑ¿å¡Ë¤Ï¡¢2011ǯ4·î¤Ë½ª¤Ã¤¿¤¬¡¢
¡¡¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤«¤é º£¤â³¤¯Ï³¤ì¡¢±øÀ÷¤µ¤ì¤¿Àî¤Îή¤ì¡¢Ãϲ¼¿å¤Îϳ½Ð¡¢±è´ß¤ÎÂÏÀÑʪ¤«¤é¤Î
¡¡ÍϽФ¬¡¢ÆüË᳤ܶ¤Ë¤Ï¡¡¿·¤¿¤ÊÊü¼Íǽ¤¬Î®Æþ¤·Â³¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡²áµî£³Ç¯´Ö¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¡¢Êü¼Íǽ¤Î³¤ÍγȻ¶¤Ï¡¡³¤Î®¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¡¤è¤ê¹­¤¤ÌÌÀѤ˹­¤¬¤ê¡¡
¡¡¤è¤ê¿¼¤¤³¤¿å¤Èº®¤¶¤ê¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¡¤Þ¤¹¤Þ¤¹´õ¼á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢Åì¤Ë±¿¤Ð¤ì¤¿¡£¡¡¡¡
 
¡¡The leading edge of the plume appears to have reached North America off of Vancouver Island,
and could possibly reach California within the next year.
¡¡However, the concentration of Fukushima-derived radionuclides (chiefly cesium-137, which has
a ~30-yr half-life) is expected to be only slightly above the pre-accident background, and far below
that of naturally-occurring radioactive elements in the ocean.
 
¡¡¡¡¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤ÎÀèü¤Ï¡¢¥Ð¥ó¥¯¡¼¥Ð¡¼Åç²­¤ÎËÌŽ±ŽÒި޶ ¤ËÅþ㤷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ç¡¢¤¿¤Ö¤ó Íèǯ
¡¡¤Î¤¦¤Á¤Ë¡¡¥«¥ë¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤ËÅþ㤹¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£¡¡
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢Ê¡ÅçͳÍè¤Î³Ë¼ï ¡Ê¼ç¤Ë Ⱦ¸º´ü30ǯ¤Î¥»¥·¥¦¥à137¡Ë ¤ÎÇ»Å٤ϡ¢»ö¸ÎÁ°¤Î
¡¡¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥°¥é¥¦¥ó¥É¤ò¡¡¤Û¤ó¤Î¾¯¤·¾å²ó¤ê¡¢³¤ÍΤˤª¤±¤ë¼«Á³Í³Íè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­¸µÁǤΡ¡¤½¤ì¤ò
¡¡¤Ï¤ë¤«¤Ë²¼²ó¤ë¤Ï¤º¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
 
¡¡Radioactive cesium derived from Fukushima has been detected at low levels in the tissues of
highly-migratory fish species such as Pacific Bluefin tuna, which appear to have accumulated the
cesium in their juvenile rearing grounds in the western Pacific.
¡¡Cesium has not yet been detected in marine biota local to the eastern Pacific, but some degree
of bioaccumulation is likely once the radioactive plume has arrived along the West Coast.
 
¡¡¡¡Ê¡ÅçͳÍè¤ÎÊü¼ÍÀ­¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤¬¡¢ÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¥¯¥í¥Þ¥°¥í¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¹â¤¤²óÍ·À­µûÎà¤ÎÁÈ¿¥¤Ë
¡¡Äã¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢À¾ÂÀÊ¿ÍΤˤª¤±¤ëÀ¸°éÃϤǡ¡¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤¬Áý¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡£
¡¡¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤Ï¡¡¤Þ¤À¡¢ÅìÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¤ÊÀ¸ÊªÁê¤Ë¤Ï¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢¤¤¤Ã¤¿¤ó
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­¥×¥ë¡¼¥à¤¬ À¾³¤´ß¤ËÅþ㤹¤ì¤Ð¡¢¤¢¤ëÄøÅÙ¤ÎÀ¸ÊªÇ»½Ì¤Ï¡¡¤¢¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£
¡¡

¡¡The levels of Fukushima-derived radionuclides detected in air, drinking water, food, seawater and
marine life in California are extremely low relative to the pre-existing background from naturally-
occurring radionuclides and the persistent residues of 20th century nuclear weapons testing.
¡¡The additional dose of radiation attributable to the Fukushima disaster is commensurately small,
and the available evidence supports the idea that it will pose little additional risk to humans or
marine life.
¡¡However, it should be noted that the long-term effects of low-level radiation in the environment
remain incompletely understood, and that this understanding would benefit from increased
governmental support for the monitoring of radioactivity in seawater and marine biota and the
study of health outcomes linked to radiation exposure.
 
¡¡¡¡¥«¥ê¥Õ¥©¥ë¥Ë¥¢¤Ç¡¡¶õµ¤¡¢°ûÎÁ¿å¡¢¿©ÉÊ¡¢³¤¿å ¤½¤·¤Æ³¤ ÍÎÀ¸Êª¤Ë¸¡½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¡ÅçͳÍè¤Î
¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï¡¢¼«Á³¤Ëµ¯¤­¤ë Êü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ïͳÍè¤Î´û¸¤Î¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥°¥é¥¦¥ó¥É¤ä
¡¡20À¤µª¤Î³Ë¼Â¸³¤Î»ý³Ū¤Ê»Äαʪ¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¤Æ¡¡¶Ë¤á¤ÆÄ㤤¡£
¡¡Ê¡Åç¤Î»ö¸Î¤Ë¤è¤ëÄɲÃÀþÎ̤ϡ¡Èæ³ÓŪ¾®¤µ¤¯¡¢ÍøÍѲÄǽ¤Ê¾Úµò¤Ï¡¡¿Í´Ö¤ä³¤ÍÎÀ¸Êª¤Ø¤Î
¡¡Äɲåꥹ¥¯¤Ï¡¡¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡£
¡¡¡¡¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢´Ä¶­¤Ç¤Î¡¡Ä¹´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤ëÄãÀþÎ̤αƶÁ¤Ï¡¡´°Á´¤Ë¤ÏÍý²ò¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤
¡¡¤³¤È¤ÏÃí°Õ¤¹¤Ù¤­¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤·¡¢¤³¤ì¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¡³¤¿å¤ä³¤¤ÎÀ¸ÊªÁê¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÊü¼Íǽ¤Î
¡¡¥â¥Ë¥¿¥ê¥ó¥° ¤ä ÈïÇø¤Ë¤è¤ë·ò¹¯±Æ¶Á¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ë¤¿¤¤¤¹¤ë À¯Éܤαç½õ¤ò¶¯²½¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬
¡¡Í­¸ú¤À¤í¤¦¡£
 
 
Background
Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami¡¡ÅìË̤ÎÃϿ̤ÈÄÅÇÈ
 
¡¡On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred approximately 70£ëm off the Pacific
coast of the Tohoku region of northern Honshu, the main island of the Japan.
The earthquake, occurring along a 160-km section of the seafloor, triggered a series of massive
tsunamis that struck the coast less than an hour later.
¡¡Tsunami run-up heights exceeded 30m in certain locations, traveled as far inland as 10km (6 mi)
in the city of Sendai, and inundated approximately 561km2 (217mi2) of low-lying coastal areas (1, 2).
¡¡Land subsidence (0.3 - 1.2m) associated with the earthquake exacerbated the flooding.
¡¡Together, the earthquake and tsunami led to over 20,000casualties and $200 – 300 billion in
infrastructure damage in Japan, while the tsunami damaged ports as far away as California, Hawai¡Çi
and Chile (2) and generated a large amount of marine debris (see sidebar).
 
 
 
Disaster at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant¡¡Ê¡ÅçÂè°ì¸¶È¯¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÂç»´»ö
 
¡¡The third part of this triple disaster occurred when tsunami waves arrived at the Fukushima
Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, located on the coast approximately 150 km southwest of the
earthquake epicenter, about 45 minutes after the earthquake.
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¤³¤Î£³½Å¤ÎÂçºÒ³²¤ÎÂ裳¤ÎÉôʬ¤Ï¡¢ÄÅÇȤ¬¡¡ÃϿ̤ÎÌó45ʬ¸å¡¡ ¿Ì¸»¤ÎÆîÀ¾ Ìó150£ë£í
¡¡¤Î³¤´ß¤Ë¤¢¤ëÊ¡ÅçÂè°ì¸¶È¯¤ËÅþ㤷¤¿»þ¤Ëµ¯¤­¤¿¡£
 
¡¡Waves of up to 14m in height overwhelmed the seawall protecting the facility1, inundating much
of the plant and causing the failure of all but one of the plant¡Çs emergency generators (which had
come online when the electric grid failed during the earthquake), as well as the pumps that
provided cooling water to the nuclear reactors (1).
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡ºÇÂ磱£´£í¤Î¹â¤µ¤ÎÇȤ¬¡¡»ÜÀߤò¼é¤ë¸î´ß¤òÆÝ¤ß¹þ¤ß¡¢¥×¥é¥ó¥È¤ÎÂçȾ¤ò¿»¿å¤µ¤»¡¢
¡¡°ì¤Ä¡Ê Á÷ÅÅ·ÏÅý¤¬ÃÏ¿Ì¤Î´Ö µ¡Ç½¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿»þ¡¢ÄÌÅŤ·¤¿ ¡Ë¤ò½ü¤­¡¡¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤ÎÈó¾ïÍÑȯÅŵ¡
¡¡¤ä¸¶»Òϧ¤ËÎäµÑ¿å¤ò¶¡µë¤¹¤ë¥Ñ¥¤¥×¤ò¸Î¾ã¤µ¤»¤¿¡£¡¡¡¡
 
¡¡With the loss of both primary and secondary electrical power, the safety systems designed to
protect and cool the fuel in the reactor cores at Units 1, 2 and 3 failed. The reactors overheated,
leading eventually to the melting of nuclear fuels.
¡¡Hydrogen generated during the accident collected within the reactor buildings and exploded,
exposing the spent fuel pools in Units 1, 3, and 4, leading to a fire in Unit 4, and venting radioactive
gases and volatile elements to the environment.
 
¡¡¡¡¼ç¤ÈÉû¤ÎÅÅÎϤò¶¦¤Ë¼º¤Ã¤Æ¤â¡¢1¡¢2¡¢3¹æµ¡¤Î¸¶»Òϧ¤ÎÃæ¿´¤Ë¤¢¤ëdzÎÁ¤òÊݸÎäµÑ¤¹¤ë
¡¡¤Ï¤º¤À¤Ã¤¿°ÂÁ´Ž¼Ž½ŽÃŽÑ¤¬ ¤¦¤Þ¤¯¹Ô¤«¤º¡¢¸¶»Òϧ¤Ï ²áÇ®¤·¡¢ºÇ½ªÅª¤Ë ³ËdzÎÁÍÏÍ»¤Ë»ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡¡¡»ö¸Î¤Î´Ö¤ËÀ¸À®¤·¤¿¿åÁǤ¬ ¸¶»Òϧ·ú²°¤ÎÃæ¤Ë½¸¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¡¡Çúȯ¡¢1¡¢3¡¢4¹æµ¡¤Ç¤Ï¡¡
¡¡»ÈÍѺѤ߳ËdzÎÁ¥×¡¼¥ë¤òÇí¤­½Ð¤·¤Ë¤·¡¢4¹æµ¡¤Ç¤Ï ²ÐºÒ¤È¤Ê¤ê¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ­¥¬¥¹¤ä´øÈ¯À­¸µÁÇ
¡¡¤ò´Ä¶­¤Ë¡¡Êü½Ð¤·¤¿¡£
 
¡¡This chain of events resulted in a massive release of radioactive elements (¡Èradionuclides¡É) to
the atmosphere in the days between March 12 and March 18, 2011 (e.g., 3).
¡¡In the weeks and months that followed, emergency cooling water used to flood the damaged
reactors was discharged directly to the Pacific Ocean via the NPP¡Çs intake channels, creating
a second pathway for the release of radioactive materials (e.g., 4)
 
¡¡¡¡½ÐÍè»ö¤ÎÏ¢º¿¤Ï¡¢2011ǯ3·î12Æü¤È18Æü¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¡Êü¼ÍÀ­¸µÁÇ¡ÊÊü¼ÍÀ­³Ë¼ï¡Ë¤ÎÂçµ¤Ãæ
¡¡¤Ø¤ÎÂçÎÌÊü½Ð¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡£
¡¡Â³¤¯ ¿ôÆü¤È¿ô¥«·î¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¢Â»½ý¤·¤¿¸¶»Òϧ¤ò¿å¿»¤·¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤¿¡¡µÞ¾ì¤ÎÎäµÑ¿å
¡¡¤Ï¡¢¸¶È¯¤Î¼è¿å¸ý¤ò·Ðͳ¤·¤Æ¡¡ÂÀÊ¿ÍÎ¤Ë Ä¾ÀÜ Êü½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£Êü¼ÍÀ­Êª¼Á¤òÊü½Ð¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î
¡¡Âè2¤Î·ÐÏ©¤òºî¤ê¤Ê¤¬¤é¡£
¡¡
 
 
 
 
 
 
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê¤Ä¤Å¤¯¡Ë

.
kyomutekisonzairon
kyomutekisonzairon
ÃËÀ­ / Èó¸ø³«
¿Íµ¤ÅÙ
Yahoo!¥Ö¥í¥°¥Ø¥ë¥× - ¥Ö¥í¥°¿Íµ¤Å٤ˤĤ¤¤Æ
Æü ·î ²Ð ¿å ÌÚ ¶â ÅÚ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
¸¡º÷ ¸¡º÷

²áµî¤Îµ­»ö°ìÍ÷

¤è¤·¤â¤È¥Ö¥í¥°¥é¥ó¥­¥ó¥°

¤â¤Ã¤È¸«¤ë

[PR]¤ªÆÀ¾ðÊó

¿ôÎ̸ÂÄꡪ¥¤¥ª¥ó¤ª¤Þ¤È¤á´ë²è
¡Ö̵ÎÁ¤ª»î¤·¥¯¡¼¥Ý¥ó¡×¤«
¡ÖÃͰú¤­¥¯¡¼¥Ý¥ó¡×¤¬É¬¤ºÅö¤¿¤ë¡ª

¤½¤Î¾¤Î¥­¥ã¥ó¥Ú¡¼¥ó


¤ß¤ó¤Ê¤Î¹¹¿·µ­»ö