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Acetylcholine Receptors
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Two Types of Receptors
There are two types of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) that bind acetylcholine and transmit its signal:
muscarinic AChRs and nicotinic AChRs, which are named after the agonists muscarine and nicotine, respectively.
These receptors are functionally different, the muscarinic type being G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate a slow metabolic response via second messenger cascades, while the nicotinic type are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate a fast synaptic transmission of the neurotransmitter.
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Nicotine, the Wonder Drug?
This notorious stimulant may enhance learning and help treat Parkinson's, schizophrenia and other neurological diseases.
Wednesday, February 05, 2014
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Called ¡Èthe shaking palsy¡É in an 1817 essay by the English physician James Parkinson (after whom the disease was later renamed), Parkinson's is marked by shaking and difficulty with walking, coordination and all other movements.¡¡Although its ultimate cause remains unexplained, neuroscientists have long known that as symptoms worsen, dopamine-producing neurons in the striatum die out.
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Since the 1960s, the gold-standard treatment for the disease has been the drug levodopa, also known as L-dopa, a dopamine precursor that can cross the blood-brain barrier.¡¡But the drug is not perfect: L-dopa treatment eventually induces dyskinesia — quick, involuntary movements of the hands, and sometimes of the head and trunk.
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Putting together the emerging lines of evidence, Quik decided to treat Parkinson's disease in squirrel monkeys by administering nicotine.¡¡In a landmark 2007 paper, she reported that the monkeys had 50 percent fewer tremors and tics, and that nicotine had reduced dyskinesia 35 percent in those already receiving L-dopa.
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Studies by Quik and others involving rats, mice and nonhuman primates have since found similar effects.¡¡In short, by driving dopamine, nicotine appeared to ease the tremors and tics caused by Parkinson's, and even the movement disorder induced by the major Parkinson's drug.
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Waiting for Human Evidence
Given the findings, one might reasonably ask how many clinical trials of ordinary over-the-counter nicotine patches or gum as a preventative for the progression of Parkinson's have been published in the medical literature.
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Effects of transdermal nicotine on attention and memory in healthy elderly non-smokers .
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Abstract:
Rationale: Nicotine has been found to improve cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about its effects in the healthy non-smoking elderly. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of nicotine on cognitive function in healthy non-smoking or nicotine-naïve elderly subjects. Methods: A transdermal patch containing either 5 mg nicotine or placebo was applied on the back of 63 healthy nicotine-naïve or non-smoking elderly Koreans. Cognitive functions were evaluated with the Short Blessed Test, Rey-Kim Memory Test, and digit span test of the Korean-WAIS, both before and 5.5 h after nicotine administration. The plasma level of nicotine after testing was measured using gas chromatography. Results: The subjects' memory functions in trial 5 of the Rey-Kim Memory Tests improved significantly. Furthermore, the effect on memory slope was significantly correlated with the higher plasma level of nicotine. However, the other tests did not reveal any correlation to a significant degree. Conclusions: These results suggest that nicotine of lower plasma level can improve short-term verbal memory functions in non-smoking or nicotine-naïve healthy elderly people and that some effects are dependent on nicotine plasma levels.
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Test uncovers signs of Alzheimer's disease 18 years before diagnosis
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A study of over 2000 people published in Neurology has shown that a test of memory and thinking can reveal differences in people who would go on to develop Alzheimer's disease up to 18 years before diagnosis.¡¡This suggests that the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease may begin many years earlier than expected.
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One in three people born in 2015 will develop dementia, new analysis shows¡¡2015ǯ¤ËÀ¸¤Þ¤ì¤Î£³¿Í¤Ë£±¿Í¤¬Ç§Ãξɤòȯ¾É¤¹¤ë
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The research was commissioned by Alzheimer¡Çs Research UK and carried out by the Office of Health Economics.
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¸¦µæ¤Ï±Ñ¹ñ¥¢¥ë¥Ä¥Ï¥¤¥Þ¡¼É¸¦µæ½ê¡ÊAlzheimer Research UK¡Ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ°ÑÂ÷¤µ¤ì¡¢ÊÝ·ò°åÎŶɡÊOffice of Health Economics¡Ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¼Â»Ü¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£ It set out to calculate the number of people born today who could be expected to develop the condition during their lifetime. The analysis took into account life expectancy estimates for people born in 2015, as well as estimates of dementia incidence in men and women of different ages. It estimates that:
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32% of people born in the UK in 2015, or one in three, will develop dementia during their lifetime
27% of males born in 2015 will develop the condition
37% of females born in 2015 will develop the condition
George McNamara, Head of Policy at Alzheimer's Society, said:
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Alzheimer's appears to have a worse effect on women than men, review suggests
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Women with memory problems show faster rates of cognitive decline than men
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Ease of Quitting Smoking May Be Early Sign of Parkinson's
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People who are able to quit smoking easily on the first try are significantly more likely to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) than their counterparts who struggle to quit, a new study suggest.The finding, from a large population-based Danish case-control study, supports the notion that patients with PD are able to quit smoking more easily because they have fewer nicotinic receptors in their brain.
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