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Chernobyl disaster effects
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2013/7/18
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Short-term health effects and immediate results
The explosion at the power station and subsequent fires inside the remains of the reactor provoked a radioactive cloud which drifted not only over Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, but also over the European part of Turkey, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Estonia, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Ireland, France (including Corsica), Canada and the United Kingdom (UK). û´üŪ¤Ê·ò¹¯¤Ø¤Î±Æ¶Á¤È¨»þ¤Î·ë²Ì
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Chromosomal aberrations.
Reports of structural chromosome aberrations in people exposed to fallout in Belarus and other parts of the former Soviet Union, Austria, and Germany argue against a simple dose-response relationship between degree of exposure and incidence of aberrations. These findings are relevant because a close relationship exists between chromosome changes and congenital malformations.¡ÊÃæÎ¬¡Ë À÷¿§Âΰ۾
µì¥½Ï¢¡¢¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥ê¥¢¡¢¤ª¤è¤Ó¥É¥¤¥Ä¤Î¥Ù¥é¥ë¡¼¥·¤ª¤è¤Ó¾¤ÎÃϰè¤Ç¤ÎÊü¼ÍǽÍî²¼¤ÇÈïÇú¤µ¤ì¤¿¿Í¡¹¤Î¹½Â¤À÷¿§Âΰ۾ï¤ÎÊó¹ð¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Ë½Ïª¤ÎÄøÅ٤Ȱ۾ï¼Ô¤ÎȯÀ¸Î¨¤Î´Ö¤Ï¡¢Ã±½ã¤Ê˽ϪÍÑÎÌ - È¿±þ´Ø·¸¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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During the embryonic phase of fetal development, the neural tube differentiates into the brain and spinal cord (i.e., collectively forming the central nervous system). Chemical or physical interactions with this process can cause NTDs. Common features of this class of malformations are more or less extended fissures, often accompanied by consecutive dislocation of central nervous system (CNS) tissue. ¥È¥ë¥³¤Î¿À·Ð´É·ç»¡ÊNTD¡Ë
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¤³¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹¤Î´ñ·Á¤Î¶¦ÄÌ¤ÎÆÃħ¤Ï¡¢Ãæ¿õ¿À·Ð·Ï¡ÊCNS¡ËÁÈ¿¥¤ÎϢ³Ū¤Êž°Ì¤òȼ¤¦¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¤¬¡¢Â¿¤«¤ì¾¯¤Ê¤«¤ì³ÈÄ¥¤µ¤ì¤¿µµÎö¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ NTDs include spina bifida occulta and aperta, encephalocele, and—in the extreme case—anencephaly. The first evidence in support of a possible association between CNS malformations and fallout from Chernobyl was published by Akar et al.. in 1988. ¿À·Ð´É·ç»NTD¤Ë¤Ï¡¢ÀÔ¿ñÆóʬÌ礪¤è¤Ó³«¸ýÉô¡¢Ç¾ÀÔ¿ñ¡¢¤ª¤è¤Ó¶Ëü¤Ê¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï̵Ǿ¾É¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë¡£
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The Mustafakemalpasa State Hospital, Bursa region, covers a population of approximately 90,000. Investigators have documented the prevalence of malformations since 1983. The prevalence of NTDs was 1.7 to 9.2 per 1,000 births, but during the first 6 months of 1987 increased to 20 per 1,000 (12 cases). In the consecutive months that followed (i.e., July–December 1987), the prevalence decreased again (1.3 per 1,000 for all NTDs, 0.6 per 1,000 for anencephaly), and it reached pre-Chernobyl levels during the first half of 1988 (all NTDs: 0.6 per 1,000; anencephaly: 0.2 per 1,000). This initial report was supported by several similar findings in observational studies from different regions of Turkey.[citation needed] ¥Ö¥ë¥µÃÏÊý¤Î¥à¥¹¥¿¥Õ¥¡¥±¥Þ¥¢¥ë¥Ñ¥µ½£Î©É±¡¡ÊMustafakemalpasa State Hospital¡Ë¤ÏÌó9Ëü¿Í¤Î¿Í¸ý¤ò¥«¥Ð¡¼¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Ä´ºº´±¤Ï1983ǯ°ÊÍè´ñ·Á¤ÎÍÉÂΨ¤òµÏ¿¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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Science and politics: the problem of epidemiological studies
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In Belarus, Yury Bandazhevsky, a scientist who questioned the official estimates of Chernobyl's consequences and the relevancy of the official maximum limit of 1,000 Bq/kg, was imprisoned from 2001 to 2005. ¥Á¥§¥ë¥Î¥Ö¥¤¥ê»ö·ï¤Î¸ø¼°¿ä·×Ãͤȸø¼°¤Î¾å¸Â¤Î1,000 Bq / kg¤Î´ØÏ¢À¤Ëµ¿Ìä¤òÄ褷¤¿²Ê³Ø¼Ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥æ¡¼¥ê¡¦¥Ð¥ó¥À¥¨¥Õ¥¹¥¡¼¤Ï¡¢2001ǯ¤«¤é2005ǯ¤ËÅê¹ö¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£¡ÊÃ𣳡Ë
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Bandazhevsky and some human rights groups allege his imprisonment was a reprisal for his publication of reports critical of the official research being conducted into the Chernobyl incident.
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Caesium radioisotopes
Further information: Fission products
Immediately after the disaster, the main health concern involved radioactive iodine, with a half-life of eight days. Today, there is concern about contamination of the soil with strontium-90 and caesium-137, which have half-lives of about 30 years. The highest levels of caesium-137 are found in the surface layers of the soil where they are absorbed by plants, insects and mushrooms, entering the local food supply. Some scientists fear that radioactivity will affect the local population for the next several generations. Note that caesium is not mobile in most soils because it binds to the clay minerals.[16][17][18] Tests (ca. 1997) have shown that caesium-137 levels in trees of the area are continuing to rise. There is some evidence that contamination is migrating into underground aquifers and closed bodies of water such as lakes and ponds (2001, Germenchuk). The main source of elimination is predicted to be natural decay of caesium-137 to stable barium-137, since runoff by rain and groundwater has been demonstrated to be negligible. ¥»¥·¥¦¥àÊü¼ÍÀƱ°ÌÂÎ
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25 years after the catastrophe
Twenty five years after the catastrophe, restriction orders remain in place in the production, transportation and consumption of food contaminated by Chernobyl fallout. 25ǯ¸å¤ÎÂç»´»ö
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The average level is 6,800 Bq/kg, more than ten times the EU limit of 600 Bq/kg", according to the TORCH 2006 report. The European Commission has stated that "The restrictions on certain foodstuffs from certain Member States must therefore continue to be maintained for many years to come".
TORCH 2006Êó¹ð½ñ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¢Ê¿¶Ñ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï6,800 Bq / kg¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢EU¤Î¸Â³¦ÃÍ600 Bq / kg¤Î10Çܤòͤ¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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As of 2009, sheep farmed in some areas of the UK are still subject to inspection which may lead to them being prohibited from entering the human food chain because of contamination arising from the accident:"Some of this radioactivity, predominantly radiocaesium-137, was deposited on certain upland areas of the UK, where sheep-farming is the primary land-use.Due to the particular chemical and physical properties of the peaty soil types present in these upland areas, the radiocaesium is still able to pass easily from soil to grass and hence accumulate in sheep. 2009ǯ¸½ºß¡¢±Ñ¹ñ¤Î¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÃϰè¤ÇÍÜ¿£¤µ¤ì¤¿ÍӤϡ¢»ö¸Î¤Ëµ¯°ø¤¹¤ë±øÀ÷¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¿Í´Ö¤Î¿©ÊªÏ¢º¿¤ËÆþ¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¶Ø¤¸¤é¤ì¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤º¡¢¤Þ¤À¸¡ºº¤ÎÂоݤÀ¡£
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¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÅÚÃϤˤ¢¤ëťúÅÚ¾í¼ï¤ÎÆÃÄê¤Î²½³ØÅª¤ª¤è¤ÓʪÍýŪÀ¼Á¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ¥»¥·¥¦¥à¤Ï°ÍÁ³¤È¤·¤ÆÅÚ¾í¤«¤éÁð¤ËÍÆ°×¤ËÄ̤뤳¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢½¾¤Ã¤Æ¥Ò¥Ä¥¸¤ËÃßÀѤ¹¤ë¡£
A maximum limit of 1,000 becquerels per kilogramme (Bq/kg) of radiocaesium is applied to sheep meat affected by the accident to protect consumers. This limit was introduced in the UK in 1986, based on advice from the European Commission's Article 31 group of experts. Under power provided under the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA), Emergency Orders have been used since 1986 to impose restrictions on the movement and sale of sheep exceeding the limit in certain parts of Cumbria, North Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland... ¾ÃÈñ¼Ô¤ò¼é¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»ö¸Î¤Î±Æ¶Á¤ò¼õ¤±¤¿ÍÓÆù¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Êü¼ÍÀ¥»¥·¥¦¥à1kgÅö¤¿¤êºÇÂç1,000¥Ù¥¯¥ì¥ë¡ÊBq / kg¡Ë¤¬Å¬ÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¡£
¤³¤ÎÀ©¸Â¤Ï¡¢²¤½£°Ñ°÷²ñ¤ÎÂè31¾ò¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¤ÎÀìÌç²È¤«¤é¤Î½õ¸À¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤Æ¡¢1986ǯ¤Ë±Ñ¹ñ¤ÇƳÆþ¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£1985ǯ¿©Éʤª¤è¤Ó´Ä¶ÊݸîË¡¡ÊFEPA¡Ë¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¸¢¸Â¤Î²¼¤Ç¡¢¥«¥ó¥Ö¥ê¥¢¡¢ËÌ¥¦¥§¡¼¥ë¥º¡¢¥¹¥³¥Ã¥È¥é¥ó¥É¡¢ËÌ¥¢¥¤¥ë¥é¥ó¥É¤ÎÆÃÄê¤ÎÃϰè¤Ç¤ÏÀ©¸Â¤òͤ¨¤ëÍÓ¤Î°ÜÆ°¤ÈÇäµÑ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢1986ǯ°ÊÍè¡¢µ¬À©¤ò²Ý¤¹¤¿¤á¤Ë¶ÛµÞÌ¿Î᤬ŬÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
When the Emergency Orders were introduced in 1986, the Restricted Areas were large, covering almost 9,000 farms, and over 4 million sheep. Since 1986, the areas covered by restrictions have dramatically decreased and now cover 369 farms, or part farms, and around 200,000 sheep. This represents a reduction of over 95% since 1986, with only limited areas of Cumbria, South Western Scotland and North Wales, covered by restrictions.369 farms and 190,000 sheep are still affected, a reduction of 95% since 1986, when 9,700 farms and 4,225,000 sheep were under restriction across the United Kingdom.In Norway, the Sami people were affected by contaminated food (the reindeer had been contaminated by eating lichen, which are very sensitive to radioactivity).
¶ÛµÞÌ¿Î᤬1986ǯ¤ËƳÆþ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤È¤¡¢À©¸Â¶è°è¤ÏÂ礤¯¡¢Ìó9,000¤ÎÇÀ¾ì¤È400Ëüɤ¤ÎÍÓ¤¬ÂоݤǤ¢¤Ã¤¿¡£1986ǯ°ÊÍè¡¢µ¬À©ÂоÝÃϰè¤Ï·àŪ¤Ë¸º¾¯¤·¡¢369¸Í¤ÎÇÀ¾ì¤ä°ìÉô¤ÎËҾ졢¤ª¤è¤½20Ëüɤ¤ÎÍÓ¤¬ÂоݤȤʤäƤ¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï1986ǯ°ÊÍè95¡ó°Ê¾å¤Î¸º¾¯¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¥¹¥³¥Ã¥È¥é¥ó¥ÉÆîÀ¾Éô¡¢¥¹¥³¥Ã¥È¥é¥ó¥ÉÆîÉô¡¢¥¦¥§¡¼¥ë¥ºÆîÉô¤Î¸Â¤é¤ì¤¿Ãϰè¤Î¤ß¤¬µ¬À©ÂоݤȤʤäƤ¤¤ë¡£
±Ñ¹ñÁ´°è¤Ç9,700¤ÎÇÀ¾ì¤È4,225,000¤ÎÍÓ¤¬À©¸Â¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿1986ǯ°ÊÍè¡¢¸½ºß¤Ç¤ÏÀ©¸Â¥¨¥ê¥¢Åù¤Ï95¡ó¸º¾¯¤·¡¢369¤ÎÇÀ¾ì¤È190,000Ƭ¤ÎÍÓ¤¬°ÍÁ³¤È¤·¤Æ±Æ¶Á¤ò¼õ¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¥Î¥ë¥¦¥§¡¼¤Ç¡¢È¾Í·ËÒ̱¤Î·²¥µ¥ß²¤Î¿Í¡¹¤Ï±øÀ÷¤µ¤ì¤¿¿©ÎȤαƶÁ¤ò¼õ¤±¤¿¡£
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Effect on the natural world
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Using robots, researchers have retrieved samples of highly melanized black fungus from the walls of the reactor core itself. It has been shown that certain species of fungus, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Cladosporium, can actually thrive in a radioactive environment, growing better than non-melanized variants, implying that they use melanin to harness the energy of ionizing radiation from the reactor.
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