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Evidence that mercury is swallowed and absorbed into mouth tissue: the corrosion studies
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Although experts think most amalgam mercury enters the body is mercury that escaped via evaporation and inhaled, I start with a review of the evidence that mercury is released via corrosion because that evidence is the oldest. 
Electrical currents, created by the amalgams themselves, liberate mercury from the filling and allow it to travel into the saliva and mouth tissue, including gums and pulp. The liberation of mercury and other metals from the amalgam by electrical currents is called corrosion and, sometimes, "oral galvanism."
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It has been known since at least 1878 that amalgams create these electrical currents. It has been known since at least 1881 that amalgams discolor and soften the dentin (the soft material between the enamel and the pulp), and since at least 1953 that one phenomenon causes the other, that is, that the electrical currents in the mouth cause fillings to corrode and release metals that then travel into the dentin causing discoloration. The 1953 study examined 300 freshly extracted teeth containing amalgams and found a "greenish to grayish black discoloration" in the dentin of 85% of the teeth. In this discolored dentin the authors found "relatively large amounts of mercury . . . with smaller amounts of silver, zinc, tin and copper. . . ." The authors recreated this same greenish-black color in the dentin by running electric currents through the amalgam, leading the authors to conclude that the migration of mercury and other materials from the amalgam was precipitated by "intermittent galvanic action arising from within the amalgam filling itself." Other studies have confirmed this finding. By the 1970s it was established that mercury was migrating into the gums, pulp, and, by the 1980s, the jawbone.

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Evidence that mercury is inhaled: the vapor studies
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A report in 1979 that fillings give off mercury vapor led to the revival of the amalgam debate in this country. Prior to 1979 the position of the ADA and most dentists was that a newly inserted filling would give off mercury vapor for a few hours but after that mercury vaporization ceased. The 1979 study was important because it established that chewing released mercury vapor even from old fillings. The study was done by three researchers at the University of Iowa. They announced preliminary results in a letter to Lancet, a widely read British medical journal. They reported that chewing gum for 15 minutes caused mercury vapor levels in expired air to rise by as much as 17 times in five individuals with amalgams whereas gum chewing by two subjects without amalgams had no effect on the amount of mercury in their breath. Although other research was also published that year linking amalgams to mercury levels in the blood, the Lancet announcement is the one cited throughout the scientific literature as the first study in recent times demonstrating that mercury escapes from fillings. The final report on the Iowa research published two years later concluded that chewing increased the amount of mercury vapor in the breath of subjects with amalgams by an average of 15.6-fold and that, even before chewing, subjects with amalgams had three times as much mercury in their breath as the non-amalgam subjects.

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Patterson and two other New Zealand researchers reported in 1985 that brushing one's teeth with a soft tooth brush for one minute also stimulates mercury vapor release. Mercury vapor levels rose from an average of 3.1 ng/L of expired air before brushing to 8.2 ng/L after brushing. Even eating musli, a soft cereal, raised mercury vapor levels.

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The last study of oral mercury vapor levels was published in 1994 by Siblerud et al. They reported that people with amalgams had twice as much mercury vapor in their mouth air as people without amalgams prior to chewing and four times as much after chewing.

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The reader should note that the breath levels just reported are averages among the people volunteering for the various studies and therefore do not reveal the high levels of mercury vapor reached in some people's mouths. Dr. Wayne King, a Georgia dentist, in testimony before the FDA Dental Panel in 1991, made this remark indicating that oral mercury vapor levels can reach very high levels in some of his patients: "I have been absolutely horrified to see some of the numbers that I have measured coming out of some of the mouths of my patients; for instance, 200 micrograms per cubic meter in a suicidally depressed patient."

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That mercury vapor is released by amalgams is no longer debatable. As one expert who defends amalgams put it at the 1991 National Institute of Dental Research conference, "The question is not if, but how much mercury vapor is released."

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