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The New York Times on May 8, 1915, after the sinking of the Lusitania.
Did Winston Churchill engineer a conspiracy to sink Lusitania and bring the United States into World War I?¡¡The speculation about the conspiracy theory comes from a letter Winston Churchill sent to Walter Runciman, the president of Britain's Board of Trade.In this letter, Churchill wrote the following:It is most important to attract neutral shipping to our shores in the hope especially of embroiling the United States with Germany .For our part we want the traffic -- the more the better and if some of it gets into trouble, better still.
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¹ë²ÚµÒÁ¥¥ë¥·¥¿¥Ë¥¢¹æ¡ÊRMS Lusitania¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹Á¥ÀÒ¡¢¥¥å¥Ê¡¼¥É¡¦¥é¥¤¥ó½êͤΥª¡¼¥·¥ã¥ó¡¦¥é¥¤¥Ê¡¼¤Ç¡¢¥¸¥ç¥ó¡¦¥Ö¥é¥¦¥ó¡¦¥¢¥ó¥É¡¦¥«¥ó¥Ñ¥Ë¡¼¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ·ú¤¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£
When Lusitania was built, her construction and operating expenses were subsidised by the British government, with the provision that she could be converted to an Armed Merchant Cruiser if need be.
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arge liners such as Lusitania consumed enormous quantities of coal (910 tons/day, or 37.6 tons/hour) and became a serious drain on the Admiralty's fuel reserves, so express liners were deemed inappropriate for the role when smaller cruisers would do.
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Economizing measures were taken, however.One of these was the shutting down of her No. 4 boiler room to conserve coal and crew costs;this reduced her maximum speed from over 25 to 21 knots (46 to 39 km/h).Even so, she was the fastest first-class passenger liner left in commercial service.
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By early 1915, a new threat to British shipping began to materialise: U-boats (submarines)
Desperate to gain an advantage on the Atlantic, the German government decided to step up their submarine campaign.On 4 February 1915, Germany declared the seas around the British Isles a war zone: from 18 February, Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning.
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On 17 April 1915, Lusitania left Liverpool on her 201st transatlantic voyage, arriving in New York on 24 April.A group of German–Americans, hoping to avoid controversy if Lusitania were attacked by a U-boat, discussed their concerns with a representative of the German Embassy .The embassy decided to warn passengers before her next crossing not to sail aboard Lusitania , and on 22 April placed a warning advertisement in 50 American newspapers, including those in New York:
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Notice !
Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies;that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles;that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk.
Imperial German Embassy
Washington, DC 22 April 1915
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¥ï¥·¥ó¥È¥óD.C. 1915ǯ 4·î22Æü This warning was printed adjacent to an advertisement for Lusitania ' s return voyage.And nearly everyone knew that Lusitania would pass through a declared war zone, where German submarines had sunk a passenger liner just a month earlier.Yet most of those traveling aboard Lusitania ignored the potential danger, as if such an event was beyond the realm of possibility.
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She departed Pier 54 in New York on 1 May 1915 on her return trip to Liverpool with 1,959 people aboard.
In addition to her crew of 694, she carried 1,265 passengers, mostly British nationals as well as a large number of Canadians, along with 128 Americans.According to Bailey and Ryan, Lusitania was travelling without any flag and her name painted over with darkish dye.
Turner tried to calm the passengers by explaining that the ship's speed made her safe from attack by submarine.[ citation needed ] However, Cunard shut down one of the ship's four boiler rooms to reduce costs on sparsely subscribed wartime voyages, reducing her top speed from 25.5 to around 22 knots.
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As the liner steamed across the ocean, the British Admiralty had been tracking the movements of U-20 , commanded by Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger , through wirelessintercepts and radio direction finding. Captain Turner of Lusitania was given a warning message twice on the evening of 6 May, and took what he felt were prudent precautions.
At about 11:00 on 7 May, the Admiralty radioed another warning to all ships, probably as a result of a request by Alfred Booth, who was concerned about Lusitania : "U-boats active in southern part of Irish Channel. Last heard of twenty miles south of Coningbeg Light Vessel".
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The earlier German attacks on merchant ships off the south coast of Ireland prompted the British Admiralty to warn the Lusitania to avoid the area or take simple evasive action, such as zigzagging to confuse U-boats plotting the vessel's course.The captain of the Lusitania ignored these recommendations.Nothing was done to alter the ship's usual route, even though the waters off Ireland were the known hunting ground of German submarines. The Admiralty also knew that at least one U-boat was active off the Irish coast at the time Lusitania would travel;three vessels had been torpedoed here in the twenty-four hours before the tragedy.
The Lusitania's maximum speed was 25 knots but one of its boilers was out of operation so this was reduced to 21 knots.Even so it was still too fast for U-boats, with their top speed of 12 knots.(she was moving at about eighteen knots when she easily could have made twenty-one.)
Captain Turner sailed in a straight line through the perilous waters of the Irish Sea.If he had employed a zig-zag course his ship would have been a more difficult target for the U-boat torpedoes.
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Even more startling was the discovery of Captain Turner's negligence.Before the voyage he'd complained about the poor condition of many of Lusitania's lifeboats, yet he never apparently bothered to personally inspect them before leaving New York and ensure that they were in good condition.He also knew that his crew was poorly trained and not proficient in handling the boats, yet he made no effort to provide them with additional instruction during the voyage.Numerous passengers came to Turner with worries about lifebelts and lifeboat drills;Turner angrily dismissed their ¤µ¤é¤Ë¶Ã¤¯¤Ù¤¤³¤È¤Ï¡¢¥¿¡¼¥Ê¡¼Á¥Ä¹¤Î²á¼º¤ò¸«½Ð¤·¤¿¡£
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British commander Joseph Kenworthy, on duty when the ship was sunk, later revealed that her military escort was withdrawn at the last minute and her captain ordered to enter at reduced speed in an area where a German U-boat was known to be operating.
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U-20 was low on fuel and had only three torpedoes left.On the morning of 7 May, visibility was poor and Schwieger decided to head for home. By 10:00 the fog began to lift, by noon it had been replaced by bright sunshine over a clear smooth sea.U-20 surfaced again at 12:45 as visibility was now excellent.
At 13:20 something was sighted and Schwieger was summoned to the conning tower: this resolved into one large steamer appearing over the horizon.
At 2:12 pm on May 7, in the waters of the Celtic Sea, the 32,000-ton ship was hit by an exploding torpedo on its starboard side and a second internal explosion followed soon afterwards.
The second explosion was the larger, and it was this second explosion that doomed the ship. It's not too much to say that one torpedo should not have caused a ship of Lusitania 's size to sink to so rapidly. However, one WWI torpedo sinking a ship as large as the Lusitania in 18 minutes, was nearly impossible.The Titanic took almost three hours to sink in the north Atlantic. Many passengers believed even if the Lusitania was hit by a torpedo or a mine it would take five or six hours for her to sink.
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Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor
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The formal Board of Trade investigation into the sinking was presided over by Wreck Commissioner Lord Mersey and took place in the Westminster Central Hall from 15–18 June 1915 with further sessions at the Westminster Palace Hotel on 1 July and Caxton Hall on 17 July.
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In contrast to his statement at the inquest, Captain Turner stated that two torpedoes had struck the ship, not one.Other witnesses who claimed that only one torpedo had been involved were refused permission to testify.In an interview in 1933, Turner reverted to his original statement that there had been only one torpedo. Ä´ºº»þ¤Ç¤Îȯ¸À¤È¤ÏÂоÈŪ¤Ë¡¢¿³µÄ²ñ¤Ç¤Î¥¿¡¼¥Ê¡¼Á¥Ä¹¤Ï¡¢µûÍë¤Ï1ËܤǤϤʤ¯¡¢2ËܤεûÍ뤬Á¥¤ËÅö¤¿¤Ã¤¿¤È½Ò¤Ù¤¿¡£
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¤½¤ì¤«¤é18ǯ¸å¤Î1933ǯ¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Ó¥å¡¼¤Ç¡¢¥¿¡¼¥Ê¡¼Á¥Ä¹¤ÏµûÍë¤Ï1ËܤΤߤǤ¢¤Ã¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦Èà¤ÎÄ´ºº»þ¤Ç¤Îȯ¸À¤ËÌá¤Ã¤¿¡£ His last words on the subject were: "The Lusitania case was a damned, dirty business!"
The full report has never been made available to the public.
A copy was thought to exist amongst Lord Mersey's private papers after his death, but has since proved untraceable. ¥Þ¡¼¥¸¡¼¶ª¤ÎºÇ¸å¤Î¸ÀÍÕ¡¢¡Ö¥ë¥·¥¿¥Ë¥¢¤Î»ö·ï¤Ï¡¢´÷¤Þ¤ï¤·¤¯±ø¤ì¤¿»Å»ö¤À¤Ã¤¿¡ª¡×
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Professor William Kingston of Trinity College, Dublin has said, "There's no doubt at all about it that the Royal Navy and the British government have taken very considerable steps over the years to try to prevent whatever can be found out about the Lusitania"
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At one point in the show it is mentioned that Cobh locals have believed for years that in the 1950s during a two week period, the Royal Navy dropped depth charges on the wreck, greatly worsening its condition.It was stated that numerous Cobh residents on shore heard the blasting and saw navy ships hovering over the area of the wreck. £±£¹£µ£°Ç¯Âå¤Î£²½µ´Ö¡¢±Ñ¹ñ³¤·³¤Ï¡¢¥ë¥·¥¿¥Ë¥¢¹æ¤ÎÄÀËפ·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÃÏÅÀ¤ÇÇúÇ˺î¶È¤ò¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÄÀË×Á¥¤ÎÆâÉô¤òõº÷ÉÔǽ¤Ê¤Û¤É¿¼¹ï¤ÊÇ˲õ¤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÃϸµ¤Î½»Ì±¤¬¡¢ÄÀË×ÃÏÅÀ¤Ë¤¤¤¿±Ñ¹ñ³¤·³¤ÎÇúÇ˲»¤òʹ¤¤¤¿¤³¤È¤Ç¤â΢ÉÕ¤±¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
Historian Colin Simpson called the sinking of the Lusitania the ¡Èfoulest act of willful murder ever committed on the seas¡É.
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Even so, Churchill later wrote: ¡ÈIn spite of all its horror, we must regard the sinking of the Lusitania as an event most important and favourable to the Allies¡Ä The poor babies who perished in the ocean struck a blow at German power more deadly than could have been achieved by the sacrifice of 100,000 men.¡É
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Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
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Lessons from the Sinking of the Lusitania
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Who Sank The Lusitania?
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Lusitania: Who was to blame for the deaths of 1,201 people?¡¡BBC
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The Second Explosion
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Theodore Roosevelt on the sinking of the Lusitania, 1915
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