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Evidence that mercury is swallowed and absorbed into mouth tissue: the corrosion studies
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Although experts think most amalgam mercury enters the body is mercury that escaped via evaporation and inhaled, I start with a review of the evidence that mercury is released via corrosion because that evidence is the oldest.
Electrical currents, created by the amalgams themselves, liberate mercury from the filling and allow it to travel into the saliva and mouth tissue, including gums and pulp. The liberation of mercury and other metals from the amalgam by electrical currents is called corrosion and, sometimes, "oral galvanism."
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It has been known since at least 1878 that amalgams create these electrical currents. It has been known since at least 1881 that amalgams discolor and soften the dentin (the soft material between the enamel and the pulp), and since at least 1953 that one phenomenon causes the other, that is, that the electrical currents in the mouth cause fillings to corrode and release metals that then travel into the dentin causing discoloration. The 1953 study examined 300 freshly extracted teeth containing amalgams and found a "greenish to grayish black discoloration" in the dentin of 85% of the teeth. In this discolored dentin the authors found "relatively large amounts of mercury . . . with smaller amounts of silver, zinc, tin and copper. . . ." The authors recreated this same greenish-black color in the dentin by running electric currents through the amalgam, leading the authors to conclude that the migration of mercury and other materials from the amalgam was precipitated by "intermittent galvanic action arising from within the amalgam filling itself." Other studies have confirmed this finding. By the 1970s it was established that mercury was migrating into the gums, pulp, and, by the 1980s, the jawbone.
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Evidence that mercury is inhaled: the vapor studies
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A report in 1979 that fillings give off mercury vapor led to the revival of the amalgam debate in this country. Prior to 1979 the position of the ADA and most dentists was that a newly inserted filling would give off mercury vapor for a few hours but after that mercury vaporization ceased. The 1979 study was important because it established that chewing released mercury vapor even from old fillings. The study was done by three researchers at the University of Iowa. They announced preliminary results in a letter to Lancet, a widely read British medical journal. They reported that chewing gum for 15 minutes caused mercury vapor levels in expired air to rise by as much as 17 times in five individuals with amalgams whereas gum chewing by two subjects without amalgams had no effect on the amount of mercury in their breath. Although other research was also published that year linking amalgams to mercury levels in the blood, the Lancet announcement is the one cited throughout the scientific literature as the first study in recent times demonstrating that mercury escapes from fillings. The final report on the Iowa research published two years later concluded that chewing increased the amount of mercury vapor in the breath of subjects with amalgams by an average of 15.6-fold and that, even before chewing, subjects with amalgams had three times as much mercury in their breath as the non-amalgam subjects.
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µ¤´É»Ù¤Î¿å¶ä¾øµ¤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï¡¢»õ¤òË᤯Á°¤Ë¡¢5¿Í¤ÎÈ︳¼Ô¤Î´ï³£¸¡½Ð¸Â³¦1¦Ìg/㎥ ¤ò²¼²ó¤ê¡¢Â¾¤Î5¿Í¤Ï1〜6ug /㎥ ¤ÎÈϰϤǤ·¤¿¡£»õËᤸ塢Á´10¿Í¤ÎÈ︳¼Ô¤ÎÊ¿¶Ñ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï56.4 ug / ㎥¤Ë¾å¾º¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£ The last study of oral mercury vapor levels was published in 1994 by Siblerud et al. They reported that people with amalgams had twice as much mercury vapor in their mouth air as people without amalgams prior to chewing and four times as much after chewing.
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The reader should note that the breath levels just reported are averages among the people volunteering for the various studies and therefore do not reveal the high levels of mercury vapor reached in some people's mouths. Dr. Wayne King, a Georgia dentist, in testimony before the FDA Dental Panel in 1991, made this remark indicating that oral mercury vapor levels can reach very high levels in some of his patients: "I have been absolutely horrified to see some of the numbers that I have measured coming out of some of the mouths of my patients; for instance, 200 micrograms per cubic meter in a suicidally depressed patient."
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That mercury vapor is released by amalgams is no longer debatable. As one expert who defends amalgams put it at the 1991 National Institute of Dental Research conference, "The question is not if, but how much mercury vapor is released."
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Overview of the evidence linking amalgam mercury to ALS
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The evidence supporting the hypothesis that amalgam mercury is a cause of ALS is as strong as the evidence implicating amalgam in the onset of AD. Like AD, ALS was not described until well after the Industrial Revolution had begun.
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According to Felmus et al., "[T]he original description of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" appeared in 1869. Like the evidence linking amalgam with AD, the evidence linking amalgam to ALS includes research showing elevated mercury in ALS patients and anecdotal evidence of recovery from ALS after amalgam removal. Unlike the AD literate appearance of ALS symptoms in people exposed to organic mercury and mercury vapor, and, for some victims, the disappearance of these symptoms after exposure to mercury ceased. Like the literature on AD, the literature on ALS contains speculation that ALS may be an inflammatory disease caused by a toxin. I find it intriguing that familial ALS and AD "have [both] been mapped to chromosome
21."
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The scientific literature on mercury, amalgam and ALS
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The first of several reports on ALS-like symptoms triggered by exposure to mercury appeared in 1954. The article described an ALS-like syndrome in a 39-year-old farmer who absorbed organic mercury from a fungicide he used on oats. At least three similar articles have been published since. One described ALS symptoms in 11 Iranians who ingested bread made with wheat treated with a fungicide containing ethyl mercury; another reported ALS symptoms in two men exposed to mercuric oxide and mercury vapor in a factory that manufactured mercuric oxide; the third described a 54-year-old man who developed ALS symptoms three-and-a-half months after he spent two days gathering liquid mercury from old thermometers.
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A number of people who have had amalgams removed have recovered from ALS. In a 1994 article, Redhe and Pleva described such a recovery by a 29-year-old Swedish woman. She had been diagnosed with ALS by the neurology department at the University Hospital in Umea, Sweden. This same department pronounced her free of ALS in August 1984, five months after her amalgams were removed. Nine years later the woman was still free of ALS symptoms.
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Mercury has also been implicated by studies examining health histories of groups of people diagnosed with ALS. Felmus et al. found that 25 ALS patients were more likely to be exposed to mercury and lead than a control group of sick people with non-ALS diagnoses (although the two groups did not differ in number of amalgams). Sienko et al. sought to explain the sudden appearance of ALS in six residents of Two Rivers, Wisconsin over the 1975-1983 period. They found that the ALS victims suffered more instances of physical trauma, reported more cancer in their families, and had eaten more fish from Lake Michigan than had 12 controls.
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Some of the University of Kentucky scholars who examined mercury levels in AD victims were among the authors of a similar study of ALS patients. They found that seven deceased ALS victims had more mercury in their brains than did nine deceased controls who did not have ALS, and that blood cells of 40 living ALS patients contained more mercury than the blood cells taken from 31 living controls. Interestingly, ALS victims had lower levels of selenium in blood serum. Selenium has been shown to "protect experimental animals against the toxcity of heavy metals, such as mercury . . . ."
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Unpublished anecdotal evidence of recovery from ALS after amalgam removal
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The Redhe-Pleva article on the Swedish woman who recovered from ALS after amaglam removal is the only such report in the peer-reviewed literature I know of. However, similar but unpublished stories are numerous. I recount one here. Cynthia Hughes is a Nevada woman who recovered from ALS after her amalgams were removed by Dr. Hal Huggins, a Colorado dentist who practiced mercury-free for 23 years until the Colorado Board of Dental Examiners took his license because of his public criticism of amalgam. Cynthia and the neurologist who diagnosed her appeared on a four-part television report entitled "Toxic Teeth" which aired on a Las Vegas TV station in the early 1990s. The reporter stated: "Cynthia could not walk or talk until she had her mercury fillings removed. Even her doctor was amazed by her sudden improvement." At this point the camera showed a doctor sitting at his desk with his name and specialty shown on the screen -- "Dr. Hal Griffith, neurologist." Dr. Griffith stated, Cynthia "had a dramatic . . . complete recovery." ¥¢¥Þ¥ë¥¬¥à½üµî¸å¤ËALS¡Ê¶Ú°à½Ì¹Å²½¾É¡Ë¤«¤é²óÉü¤·¤¿¥¹¥¦¥§¡¼¥Ç¥ó¤Î½÷À¤ÎRedhe-Pleva¤Îµ»ö¤Ï¡¢»ä¤¬ÃΤäƤ¤¤ëººÆÉ¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸¸¥¤ÎÍ£°ì¤Î¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÊó¹ð½ñ¤Ç¤¹¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢Îà»÷¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬Ì¤È¯É½¤Îʪ¸ì¤Ï¿ô¿¤¯¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£ »ä¤Ï¤³¤³¤Ç°ì¤Ä¤ò¸ì¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¥·¥ó¥·¥¢¤Ï¡¢¥Ï¥ë¥®¥ó¥ºÇî»Î¤¬¥¢¥Þ¥ë¥¬¥à¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¤¤¿¸å¡¢ALS¤«¤é²óÉü¤·¤¿¥Í¥Ð¥À½£¤Î½÷À¤Ç¤¹¡£
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Evidence linking amalgam mercury with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's
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Like AD and ALS, MS and Parkinson's are adult-onset diseases that either did not exist or were rare prior to 1800. Like the AD and ALS literature, the MS and Parkinson's literature offers some evidence that toxins in general and mercury in particular plays a critical role in the etiology of these diseases. Finally, there is substantial anecdotal evidence that amalgam removal reduces MS symptoms dramatically in many MS patients. I know only two Parkinson's patients who have had their amalgams removed, and one of them improved.
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¡ÊÃ𣱡ËResearch connecting mental exercise to better brain health includes activities such as learning and using another language , doing crossword puzzles , playing card games , and even going online to use Facebook .
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Tasty Foods That Reduce Alzheimer's and Dementia Risk
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Here are 11 foods that researchers have repeatedly studied and found to be correlated with a lower risk of dementia .
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Eating strawberries, blueberries, and acai fruit have been correlated with multiple benefits for our brains, with studies demonstrating improved memory in children as young as 8 to 10 years old and all the way through older adulthood.¡¡For example, one study found that participants who ate a greater amount of berries experienced a slower cognitive decline, of up to 2.5 years difference, as they aged.In people with mild cognitive impairment , another study found that berries were associated with improved cognitive functioning.
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Both caffeine in general and coffee specifically have been associated with cognitive benefits , including a significantly lower risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia .Studies have also found specific benefits in overall memory, spatial memory , and working memory .
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Compared with non-exposed to caffeine controls, relative risk of PD was 0.69 for coffee drinkers.(Chen et al., 2010 ).
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Leafy green vegetables co ntain vitamins that boost your brain functioning.In one study involving adults who were 58 years to 99 years old, eating kale was associated with the equivalent of being 11 years younger cognitively.Other studies have found a reduced risk of dementia in those with higher levels of folate (vitamin B9) which is found in leafy green vegetables.
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The investigators found that certain nutrients -- including vitamin K, folate and lutein -- seemed to largely account for the link between leafy greens and slower brain aging.For example, Morris said, some nutrients in leafy greens are better absorbed when eaten with fat -- like an oil-based salad dressing.
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¥Ó¥¿¡¼¥¢¡¼¥â¥ó¥É ❺Some Types of Cocoa/Chocolate
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Chocolate may be one of the tastiest ways to reduce the risk of dementia.Multiple studies have associated cocoa and dark chocolate with a lower chance of cognitive decline.The important clarification is that dark chocolate, not milk chocolate, generally is going to provide the most boost to your brain.
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❻Low to Moderate Amounts of Alcohol
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This is a somewhat controversial one since there are some risks associated with drinking alcohol, but multiple research studies demonstrated a cognitive benefit for those who drank light to moderate amounts of alcohol.Some of this may be related to the resveratrol in red wine, but other research found this benefit in other kinds of alcohol as well.
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❼Fish¡¡µû
The omega 3 fatty acids found in certain types of fish have been touted as great for your brain health , and most research conducted on this has agreed.Fish high in omega 3 fatty acids include salmon, sardines, tuna, halibut, and trout.
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❽Cinnamon¡¡¥·¥Ê¥â¥ó
Multiple studies have demonstrated that cinnamon, when given to mice, was correlated with an improvement in the ability to clear the buildup of protein in the brain that's connected with Alzheimer's disease, as well as improve memory and other cognitive functioning.Researchers have often, but not always, found that results in mice are similar to those in humans.A small study in humans found that even just smelling cinnamon was correlated with an improvement in memory.Additionally, cinnamon has been associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, along with heart and lower blood pressure, all of which have been tied to better brain health.
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❾Curcumin/Tumeric¡¡¥¯¥ë¥¯¥ß¥ó/¥¿¡¼¥á¥ê¥Ã¥¯¡Ê¥¦¥³¥ó¡Ë
Like curry? Curcumin has been demonstrated to be highly correlated with both preventing cognitive decline and treating dementia already present in mice.One challenge for humans is that our bodies often don't easily absorb curcumin.
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❿Fruits and Vegetables¡¡²Ìʪ¤ÈÌîºÚ
A heart-healthy diet of fruit and vegetables has been connected to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. Load that plate with colorful veggies and fruits to ensure that you're meeting your body's needs for vitamins. Multiple studies have found that a decreased risk of cognitive impairment was tied to consuming higher amounts of fruits and vegetables.
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As opposed to one specific food, the Mediterranean diet is an overall approach to eating and includes several of the foods previously listed. It has been demonstrated to be strongly connected to an improved cognitive functioning and a lower risk of the development of dementia.
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A Word from Verywell
While there are some risks for cognitive decline that are out of our control, our diet is a factor that is highly within our control. The food we choose is tied to both body and brain health, and maintaining our health—as much as we are able—is a gift that benefits ourselves, as well as our loved ones. ¥Ù¥ê¡¼¥¦¥¨¥ë¤Î¸ÀÍÕ
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¤³¤Î¾õÂÖ¤ò°ú¤µ¯¤³¤¹¸¶°ø¤Ë¤Ï¤µ¤Þ¤¶¤Þ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¡Ö¥¢¥ë¥Ä¥Ï¥¤¥Þ¡¼É¡ʥ¢¥ë¥Ä¥Ï¥¤¥Þ¡¼·¿Ç§Ãξɡˡפ⤽¤Î¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤Ç¤¹¡£ ¥¢¥ë¥Ä¥Ï¥¤¥Þ¡¼É¤Ȥ¤¤¦ÉÂ̾¤Ï¡¢¼Â¤Ï¡¢1906ǯ¥É¥¤¥Ä¤ÎÀº¿À²Ê°å¥¢¥¤¥í¥¹¡¦¥¢¥ë¥Ä¥Ï¥¤¥Þ¡¼¡ÊAlois Alzheimer¡¢1864ǯ6·î14Æü〜1915ǯ12·î19Æü¡Ë¤¬ÃÔÊòÀ¤Î56ºÐ¤Î½÷À¤Î˶¸¡¤ò¹Ô¤¦²áÄø¤Ç¡¢¡ÖÂçǾÈé¼Á¤Î´ñ̯¤Êɵ¤¡×¤òȯ¸«¤·¡¢½é¤á¤ÆÈ¯É½¤·¤¿¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢¤³¤ÎÀº¿À²Ê°å¤Î̾Á°¤òÉÂ̾¤Ë¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£
![]() It was not until 1906 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer announced that he had found a "strange disease of the cerebral cortex" in the course of performing an autopsy on a demented 56-year-old woman.
The woman's brain contained an unusual number of the plaques and tangles now considered to be the defining symptoms of AD.
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The Industrial Revolution, which greatly increased human exposure to mercury in the work place and in the environment, got underway in the mid-1700s.
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Amalgam was invented in Europe around 1820 and was widely used throughout Europe and North America by 1850. Parkinson's, MS, and ALS were first mentioned in medical journals in the 1800s.
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I base the latter explanation on my familiarity with the health history of June Varner, a Little Falls woman who overcame nearly paralyzing confusion by getting her amalgams removed. Her inability to concentrate and make decisions set in after a 1978 car accident. The problem was severe. June stated in a letter to me, "I can remember looking down at my shoelaces months after the accident; I could not remember how to tie them. I knew that I knew how to do it but I could not remember." Other symptoms that appeared after the accident included headaches, vertigo, nausea, extreme fatigue, and memory loss. These symptoms persisted until 1992 when her dentist discovered that several teeth in the upper right side of her mouth with amalgams in them were cracked. The replacement of these amalgams with crowns eliminated the mental confusion and the other symptoms that came with the confusion. June speculates that the blow to her head suffered during her auto accident allowed mercury from her fillings to gain access to her brain.
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