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日米安全保障条約は、52ヶ国の参加を得て、1951年9月8日米国加州桑港(サンフランシスコ)にてサンフランシスコ講和会議が開催された際に、連合軍側参加国と日本との平和条約締結後に、米国と日本との間で締結された。
日本との平和条約は、アメリカ合衆国第52代ダレス国務長官のスピーチ、吉田茂総理大臣のスピーチ等の後、49カ国が日本との平和条約を締結(内、チェコスロバキヤ、ポーランド、ソビエトは、平和条約の内容に不満があり署名拒否)された。また、ビルマ、インド、ユーゴスラビアは招待されたが、不参加。中国と台湾は、中国内戦とどちらが正式の中国であるかの問題と米英間の中国参加への意見の不一致等から招待されなかった。北朝鮮、韓国の双方とも招待されていない。
この平和条約締結では、日本による賠償、日本の領土問題(例えば、北方領土、樺太、千島列島等)が大きな課題であった。これを機に日本の北方領土問題は日ソ間(現在の日ロ)で顕在化し、紆余曲折がり現在に至っている。
さて、日米安保条約下での米国の日本防衛義務につては、以下のようになっている。
第5条
前段は、米国の対日防衛義務を定める。後段は、国連憲章上、各国による自衛権の行使は、国連安全保障理事会が必要な措置をとるまでの暫時的性格の行為とされていることから、定められている。
ARTICLE V
Each Party recognizes that an armed attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and processes. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.
以下は、サンフランシスコ講和会議開催の際に米日間で締結された日米安保条約の原文です。
Japan-US Security Treaty
8th September, 1951
Japan has signed a Treaty of Peace with the Allied Powers. On the coming into force of that Treaty, Japan will not have the effective means to exercise its inherent right of self-defense because it has been disarmed.
There is danger to Japan in this situation because irresponsible militarism has not yet been driven from the world. Therefore, Japan desires a Security Treaty with the United States of America to come into force simultaneously with the Treaty of Peace between Japan and the United States of America. The Treaty of Peace recognizes that Japan as a sovereign nation has the right to enter into collective security arrangements, and, further, the Charter of the United Nations recognizes that all nations possess an inherent right of individual and collective self-defense.
In exercise of these rights, Japan desires, as a provisional arrangement for its defense, that the United States of America should maintain armed forces of its own in and about Japan so as to deter armed attack upon Japan. The United States of America, in the interest of peace and security, is presently willing to maintain certain of its armed forces in and about Japan, in the expectation, however, that Japan will itself increasingly assume responsibility for its own defense against direct and indirect aggression, always avoiding any armament which could be an offensive threat or serve other than to promote peace and security in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter.
Accordingly, the two countries have agreed as follows:
Article I
Japan grants, and the United States of America accepts the right, upon the coming into force of the Treaty of Peace and of this Treaty, to dispose United States land air and sea forces in and about Japan. Such forces may be utilized to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security in the Far East and t0 the security of Japan against armed attack from without, including assistance given at the express request of the Japanese Government to put down large-scale internal riots and disturbances in Japan, caused through instigation or intervention by an outside Power or Powers.
Article II
During the exercise of the right referred to in Article I, Japan will not grant, without the prior consent of the United States of America, any bases or any rights, powers or authority whatsoever, in or relating to bases or the right of garrison or of maneuver, or transit of ground, air or naval forces to any third power.
Article III
The conditions which shall govern the disposition of armed forces of the United States of America in and about Japan shall be determined by administrative agreements between the two Governments.
Article IV
This Treaty shall expire whenever in the opinion of the Governments of the United States of America and of Japan there shall have come into force such United Nations arrangements or such alternative individual or collective security dispositions as will satisfactorily provide for the maintenance by the United Nations or otherwise of international peace and security in the Japan area.
Article V
This Treaty shall be ratified by the United States of America and Japan and will come into force when instruments of ratification thereof have been exchanged by them at Washington.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty.
DONE in duplicate at the City of San Francisco, in the English and Japanese languages, this eighth day of September, 1951.
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