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NTSB UPDATE ON THE MINNEAPOLIS BRIDGE FAILURE ANALYSIS¡Ê£²¡¿£³¡Ë
£Î£Ô£Ó£Â¡ÊÊÆ¹ñ²È±¿Í¢°ÂÁ´°Ñ°÷²ñ¡Ë¤Ï¥ß¥Í¥¢¥Ý¥ê¥¹¤Î¶¶Î»ö¸Î¤Î»ö¸Î²òÀϤò²þÄû¤·¤¿ ¡Ê£²¡¿£³¡Ë
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By Charles C. Roberts, Jr., Ph.D., P.E.

The conventional, post news conference, wisdom suggested that a design flaw in the structure was the cause of the collapse. This may be a premature conclusion because of the following:
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This may be a premature conclusion because of the following:
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1. This bridge survived for a period of 40 years without collapsing.
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If the apparent design flaw was so influential in the collapse, then why did the structure not collapse sooner.
¤â¤·¸½¾õ¤ÎÀ߷פ¬Êø²õ¤ËÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤È¤·¤¿¤é¡¢¤Ê¤¼Åö³º¤Î¹½Â¤Êª¤¬Áá´ü¤Ë²õ¤ì¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤«¤¬µ¿Ìä¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

The answer lies possibly in an understanding of what the AASHO ¡ÈStandard Specification for Highway Bridges¡É means.
¤½¤ÎÅú¤¨¤Ï¤ª¤½¤é¤¯AASHO¤Î¡Ö¹â®ƻϩ¶¶É¸½à»ÅÍͽñ¡×¤Î¤Î°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£

It is essentially a calculation procedure with considerable safety margin to account for variability and uncertainties in design.
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For instance, axial tension is limited to 27,000 pounds per square inch (psi) in the gusset plates, yet the high-strength-low-alloy structural steel (HSLA) from which they are made has yield strengths of around 50,000 psi or higher.
Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¥¬¥»¥Ã¥È¥×¥ì¡¼¥È¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢ÌÌÆâÄ¥ÎϤËÂФ·¤Æ¤Ï27,000(psi)[¥Ý¥ó¥É/Ê¿Êý¥¤¥ó¥Á]¤ò¸Â³¦¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢¹â¶¯ÅÙÄã¹ç¶â¹½Â¤ÍѹݡÊHSLA¡Ë¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¹ßÉú±þÎϤÏÌó50,000 Psi¤«¤½¤ì°Ê¾å¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤«¤é¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

Gusset Plate U10 calculated axial tension was 39,500 psi (Reference 1), which is higher than that allowed (27,000 psi) but lower than the yield strength of the material. Despite the apparent design error, a safety margin still existed in the design of this gusset plate.
U10¥¬¥»¥Ã¥È¥×¥ì¡¼¥È¤ÎÌÌÆâÄ¥ÎϤϡʻ²¹Í1¡Ë¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð39,500 Psi¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ïµö²Ä±þÎϤǤ¢¤ë27,000 psi¤è¤ê¤ÏÂ礭¤¤¤¬¡¢¤³¤Î¹Ýºà¤Î¹ßÉú¶¯ÅÙ¤è¤ê¤âÄ㤤¡£ÌÀÇò¤ÊÀ߷ץߥ¹¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤â¡¢¤³¤Î¥¬¥»¥Ã¥È¥×¥ì¡¼¥È¤ÎÀ߷פˤϡ¢°ÂÁ´Â¦¤Î¥Þ¡¼¥¸¥ó¡Ê;Îϡˤ¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

2. The bridge has experienced two construction projects that have, according to the NTSB, added significant weight to the structure.
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Why didn't the bridge collapse after the addition of these dead loads?
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The answer lies in the suggestion that despite the apparent design error, significant safety margin existed (that is built into the AASHO calculation procedures), and the bridge accommodated the additional loading.
¤½¤ÎÅú¤¨¤Ï¡¢Äó°Æ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÌÀ¤é¤«¤ÊÀ߷ץߥ¹¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤Ë¤â¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º¡¢AASHO·×»»²áÄøÁȤ߹þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿½ÅÍפʰÂÁ´¥Þ¡¼¥¸¥ó¡Ê;Îϡˤθºß¤¬Åö³º¶¶Î¤˲ٽŤÎÄɲ䬤¢¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤òµöÍÆ¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤È¤¤¤¦»ØÅ¦¤¬¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

3. Corrosion has been evident throughout the bridge structure.
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Figure 3 is a view of corrosive pitting found at the L11 gusset during an inspection in June, 2006.
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(Reference 3) Gusset L11 was one of the gussets that was apparently under-designed according to the NTSB.
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Widespread cracking in the structure was found, much of it due to metal fatigue.
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¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Figure 3
NTSB UPDATE ON THE MINNEAPOLIS BRIDGE FAILURE ANALYSIS¡Ê£±¡¿£³¡Ë
£Î£Ô£Ó£Â¡ÊÊÆ¹ñ²È±¿Í¢°ÂÁ´°Ñ°÷²ñ¡Ë¤Ï¥ß¥Í¥¢¥Ý¥ê¥¹¤Î¶¶Î»ö¸Î¤Î»ö¸Î²òÀϤò²þÄû¤·¤¿ ¡Ê£±¡¿£³¡Ë
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By Charles C. Roberts, Jr., Ph.D., P.E.

On January 15, 2008 the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released an interim finding regarding the failure analysis of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis.
2008ǯ1·î15ÆüÊÆ¹ñ²È±¿Í¢°ÂÁ´°Ñ°÷²ñ¡ÊNTSB¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¥ß¥Í¥¢¥Ý¥ê¥¹¤Î£É¡Ý£³£µ£×¶¶¤Î¸Î¾ã²òÀϤˤĤ¤¤Æ¡¢»ÃÄêŪ¤Ê½ê¸«¤òȯɽ¤·¤¿¡£

According to the report (1), investigators found that certain gusset plates that connect bridge structural members were under-designed according to American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) ¡ÈStandard Specifications for Highway Bridges,¡É
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This resulted in several gusset plates installed with a ½ inch thickness instead of some larger thickness.
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Although the NTSB indicated that this was a design error, the chairman indicated that the federal probe into the bridge collapse is by no means final and that the cause has yet to be found.
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Figure 1 is a view of the bridge showing gusset plates U10 and L11, which the NTSB found to be the most severe violators of the AASHO standard and most deficiently designed.
¿Þ1¤Ï¡¢Åö³º¶¶Î¤ÎU10ÍѤÈL11¥¬¥»¥Ã¥È¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢¤³¤ì¤¬AASHOɸ½à¤Ë¾È¤é¤·¤ÆºÇ¤â¿¼¹ï¤Ê´ð½àÈãȽ¤ÇºÇ¤âÉÔ´°Á´¤Ê¥¬¥»¥Ã¥È¥×¥ì¡¼¥È¤Î°ÌÃÖ¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡https://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/IMG/ybi/1/a7/6e/srfch485/folder/1508733/img_1508733_58558473_0?1250528602
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Figure 1
Figure 2 shows the approximate location of these plates in a post failure photograph.
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¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡https://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/IMG/ybi/1/a7/6e/srfch485/folder/1508733/img_1508733_58558473_1?1250528782
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Figure 2

It was also mentioned that approximately 300 tons of construction equipment was located over gusset plates U10 and U11 in the southbound lanes (green area Figure 1).
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According to the NTSB, all 16 of the under-designed gusset plates were found to be fractured while the remaining were typically intact.
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The original design calculations made by the bridge designers (Sverdrup and Parcel) could not be found.
Åö³º¶¶Î¤νé´üÀß·×»þ¤Ëºî¤é¤ì¤¿(Sverdrup and Parcel¼Ò¤Î)¹½Â¤·×»»½ñ¤Ï¸«¤Ä¤«¤é¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡£

Accordingly, the NTSB could not determine how the apparent calculation error occurred. No deficiencies were found in the steel or concrete that could have caused a failure.
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The I-35W bridge was designed before 1964 and was completed in 1967 with additional dead (weight) loads added over time (1977 and 1998), which included a median barrier, larger outside walls and increased thickness of the concrete deck.
I - 35W¶¶¤Ï1964ǯÁ°¤ËÀ߷פµ¤ì¡¢1967ǯ¤Ë½×¹©¤·¤¿¤¬¡¢¸åǯ¡Ê1977ǯ¡Á1998ǯ¡Ë¤¿¤Ó½Å¤Í¤ÆÄɲäθÇÄê²Ù½Å¡Ê¼«½Å¡Ë¤¬²Ã¤¨¤é¤ì¡¢²Ù½Å¤ÎÁý²Ã¤¬»þ´Ö¤Î·Ð²á¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤ÆÅö³º¶¶Î¤ËÄɲ䵤줿¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¤Ï¾²ÈǤä¦Êɤθü¤µ¤¬²Ù½Å¤ÎÁý²Ã¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

According to the NTSB, this added significantly to the weight of the structure.
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No bridge design analyses could be found regarding the acceptability of the additional dead loads.
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At the close of the news conference, the NTSB emphasized that the investigation continues.
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I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge¡ÁConstruction

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¶¶¤Î̾¾Î¤ÏI-35W St. Anthony Falls Bridge¤È¸À¤¤¡¢
º£Å٤ϡ¢¥Ý¥¹¥È¥Æ¥ó¥·¥ç¥ó·Á¼°¤ÎÅ´¶Ú¥³¥ó¥¯¥ê¡¼¥È¶¶¡ÊPost-Tensioned Precast Concrete box girder¡Ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
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Official name ¡¡¡¡I-35W St. Anthony Falls Bridge[1]
Carries ¡¡¡¡10 Lanes of I-35W; light-rail or bus-way-ready[2]
Crosses ¡¡¡¡Mississippi River
Locale ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Maintained by ¡¡¡¡Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT)
ID number ¡¡¡¡NBI 27410 (Northbound), 27409 (Southbound)
Design ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Post-Tensioned Precast Concrete box girder[3]
Longest span ¡¡¡¡504 feet (154 m)[3]
Total length ¡¡¡¡1,216 feet (371 m)[3]
Width ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡180 feet (55 m)[2]
Height ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡120 feet (37 m)[2])estimated
Clearance below¡¡¡¡ 70 feet (21 m)[3]
AADT 1 41,000 (2005 estimates)
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Beginning date of construction October 30, 2007[1]
Opening date September 18, 2008[4]

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Minnesota Public Radio reporter Dan Olson checks in on the progress of the construction of the new 35W bridge in Minneapolis 
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¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡http://projects.dot.state.mn.us/35wbridge/images/tribune.jpg
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¹©»ö³µÍ×ÀâÌÀ¿Þ
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Support posts in construction on the north bank in January 2008
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Box girder sections formed in the casting yard in May 2008
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Last segment of northbound lanes in place July 5, 2008.
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Piers take shape on north shore in May 2008
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Bridge nearing completion, August 30, 2008.

MnDOT maintained a project page that tracked all activities associated with the construction of the bridge including weekly updates, traffic impacts, construction photos, animations, and virtual walk tours. On December 17, 2007, the first slab of concrete, 200 feet (61 m) long, 13.5 feet (4.1 m) wide, and 4.5 feet (1.4 m) thick, was poured off-site, which begun to shape the bridge. Pilings sunk 100 feet (30.5 m) into the earth support the ends of the bridge,[24] which contains 50,000 yards (45.72 km) of concrete.[25]

The bridge construction progressed more quickly than expected. Construction work was performed in shifts with as many as 400 workers during the day, and 200 at night.[26] On April 8, 2008 Mn/DOT announced the half way point of construction had been reached, and predicted that completion might be ahead of schedule by as much as three months.[27]

This prediction was borne out by events, as the Minnesota Department of Transportation opened the bridge to traffic at 5:00 in the morning on September 18, 2008.[4] Minnesota State Patrol cars at both the north and south ends allowed rush hour traffic to build up behind them. Once the construction barricades were removed at 5:00 am the First Responders, State Troopers, and Mn/DOT trucks slowly crossed the bridge with rush hour traffic in tow, officially opening the bridge. Flatiron-Manson is expected to earn $27 million in bonuses for accelerated performance.[28]

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