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http://today.colostate.edu/index.asp?url=display_story&story_id=1002457
http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/CTSReport/2007/08/OberstarForum.html
Oberstar Forum on October 8 to focus on nation¡Çs transportation infrastructure

James Oberstar
The earth shook on August 1 when the I-35W bridge collapsed into the Mississippi River. Since the tragedy, people across the country are questioning whether their own roads and bridges will get them home at night¡½and public officials are looking for answers. In the wake of the collapse, the sixth James L. Oberstar Forum on Transportation Policy and Technology will look for solutions to the challenges posed by the nation¡Çs aging infrastructure. The forum¡½titled ¡ÈThe Condition of Our Nation¡Çs Transportation Infrastructure: Heading Toward a Crisis?¡É¡½will be held October 8 in Minneapolis.

Oberstar, who is calling for a five-cent increase in the federal gas tax to support a national bridge inspection and reconstruction program, is holding hearings when Congress reconvenes in September. At the state level, Governor Tim Pawlenty may call a special legislative session to raise additional transportation funding.


I-35W bridge shortly after the collapse
The public portion of the forum will begin at 1:30 p.m. with a keynote presentation by Congressman Oberstar. Panel discussions will then follow with state and national leaders.

The forum is free and open to the public. Space is limited, however, so attendees are encouraged to register.

A brochure will be mailed with further details, and updates will be posted on the Oberstar Forum Web page at www.cts.umn.edu/oberstarforum.

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¡Ö¥ß¥Í¥¢¥Ý¥ê¥¹¤ÎI-35W¶¶¤ÎÅݲõ¤Ï¶¶¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢[http://www1.umn.edu/twincities/index.php ¥ß¥Í¥½¥¿Âç³Ø]¤Î[http://www.cts.umn.edu/ ¸òÄ̹©³Ø¸¦µæ¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼]¤¬£²£°£°£±Ç¯¤Ëȯɽ¤·¤¿[http://www.designnews.com/contents/pdf/UMnFatigueEval.pdf ¡Ö¥Ç¥Ã¥­¥È¥é¥¹¤ÎÈèÏ«Êó¹ð½ñ¡×]¤Ë´Ø¿´¤¬½¸¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¡×

The project used strain gages at key locations on the main trusses and floor truss of the bridge to measure live-load stress ranges. Trucks with known axle weights were made to cross the bridge under ¡Ènormal traffic.¡É Two- and three-dimensional models of the bridge were used to calculate stress ranges throughout the deck truss.

¥×¥í¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¡¢¶¶¤Î¥á¥¤¥ó¥È¥é¥¹¡ÊÀî¤ò²£ÃǤ¹¤ë¡Ö¹½Â¤ËÜÂΡסˤȾ²¥È¥é¥¹¡Êƻϩ¾²ÈǤò»Ù¤¨¤ë²£Êý¸þ¤Î¥È¥é¥¹¡Ë¤Î¾å¤Ç½ÅÍפʾì½ê¤ÇÏĤߥ²¡¼¥¸¡Êstrain gages¡Ë¤ò»È¤¤¡¢³è²Ù½Å¾õÂ֤αþÎÏ¥ì¥ó¥¸¡Êstress ranges¡Ë¤ò·×¬¤·¤¿¡£´ûÃΤμּ´½ÅÎ̤Ȥδط¸¤Ï¡¢¡ÖÄ̾ï¤Î¸òÄ̤β¼¤Ç¶¶¤òÅϤ餻¤é¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¡×¡¢¶¶¤ÎTwo-¤È£³¼¡¸µ¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¡¢¥Ç¥Ã¥­¥È¥é¥¹¤òÄ̤·¤Æ¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹ÈϰϤò·×»»¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£

Design analysis based on design-live-load stress ranges in the truss members shows stress ranges of up to 138 MPa, in tests where trucks passed from outside spans to the center span. But the actual stress ranges, calculated with strain gages monitoring strains under ¡Èboth a known load and open traffic,¡É are calculated in the report as much lower than design-live-load stress ranges. This is mainly because the situation of closely spaced trucks in each lane, as the situation was in the design-live-load testing, rarely occurs on Bridge 9340 – after a year of close observation the authors never witnessed that condition. ¡ÈConsequently, the fatigue life is far longer than would be predicted based on the design-live-load stress ranges,¡É the report says. The report later took into account daily traffic growth rates and predicted truck volume over the life of the bridge. Daily growth rates for urban interstates are observed in the report as 4.98 percent.

¥È¥é¥Ã¥¯¤¬³°Â¦¤Î¥¹¥Ñ¥ó¤«¤éÃæ¿´¤Î¥¹¥Ñ¥ó¤Þ¤ÇÄ̤俥ƥ¹¥È¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¥È¥é¥¹Éô¤Ç¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó³è²Ù½Å¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹ÈϰϤ˴ð¤Å¤¯¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥óʬÀϤϡ¢ºÇ¹â138¤ÎMPa¤Î¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹ÈϰϤò¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó³è²Ù½Å¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹¤¬ÊÑÆ°¤¹¤ë¤è¤êÈó¾ï¤ËÄ㤤¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¼ÂºÝ¤Î¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹ÈϰϡʡִûÃΤβ٤ȸø³«¤Î¸òÄ̡פβ¼¤Ç½Å°µ¤ò¥â¥Ë¥¿¡¼¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë½Å°µÄ©Àï¤Ç·×»»¤µ¤ì¤ë¡Ë¤Ï¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ç·×»»¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¾õ¶·¤¬¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó³è²Ù½Å¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¼ç¤Ë¤½¤¦¤Ç¤¹¡¢³Æ¡¹¤ÎÄÌÏ©¤ÎÌ©Àܤ˴ֳ֤ò¤¢¤±¤é¤ì¤¿¥È¥é¥Ã¥¯¤Î¾õ¶·¤¬¡¢¶¶9340¤Ë¤á¤Ã¤¿¤Ëµ¯¤³¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó – ¶á¤¤´Ñ»¡¤Î1ǯ¤Î¸å¡¢Ãø¼Ô¤Ï¤½¤Î¾õÂÖ¤ò·è¤·¤ÆÌܷ⤷¤Þ¤»¤ó¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¡Ö½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó³è²Ù½Å¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹ÈϰϤ˴ð¤Å¤¤¤ÆÍ½Â¬¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤ê¡¢ÈèÏ«À¸Ì¿¤Ï¡¢¤Ï¤ë¤«¤ËŤ¤¤Ç¤¹¡×¤È¡¢¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ë¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ï¡¢¸å¤Ç£±Æü¤Î¸òÄÌÀ®Ä¹Î¨¤ò¹Íθ¤·¤Æ¡¢¶¶¤Î¿ÍÀ¸¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¥È¥é¥Ã¥¯¥Ü¥ê¥å¡¼¥à¤òͽ¬¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£ÅÔ»ÔÉô¤Î½£Ï¢Íí¹â®ƻϩ¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î£±Æü¤ÎÀ®Ä¹Î¨¤Ï¡¢4.98¥Ñ¡¼¥»¥ó¥È¤È¤·¤Æ¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ç´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£

One major concern the report raises is that fatigue cracking in the deck truss is heightened by a ¡Èlack of redundancy in the main truss system.¡É The report finds that only two planes of the main trusses support the total eight lanes of traffic. The joints are ¡Ètheoretically pinned¡É – so, the report states, if one member were severed by a fatigue crack, that plane would collapse – and if not collapse, then ¡Èrequire prolonged closure of the bridge and a major disruption.¡É

The report states its research holds implications for bridges other than the I-35 bridge. ¡ÈThe research verified that the behavior of this type of bridge can be deduced with a modest number of strain gages at key locations combined with detailed analyses,¡É says the report. ¡ÈFatigue rating [for all bridges] should be based on service-load-level analyses conducted according to these guidelines.¡É

¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤¬°ú¤­µ¯¤³¤¹1¤Ä¤Î¼ç¤Ê·üǰ¤Ï¥È¥é¥¹¤¬¤½¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥Ç¥Ã¥­¤Ç¤Ò¤Ó¤¬Æþ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤½¤ÎÈèÏ«¤Ç¤¹¹â¤Þ¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡Ö¼çÍפʥȥ饹¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ç¾éĹÀ­¤ÎÉÔ­¤·¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£¡×¡¢¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ç¼ç¤Ê¥È¥é¥¹¤Î2¤Ä¤ÎÊ¿Ì̤À¤±¤¬Ä̹Լ֤ÎÁí8¼ÖÀþ¤ò»Ù»ý¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬ÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¥¸¥ç¥¤¥ó¥È¤Ï¡ÖÍýÏÀŪ¤Ë¡¢¥Ô¥ó¤Ç¤È¤á¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡× – ¤½¤ì¤Ç ¡½ ¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ç¤Ï¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë ¡½ 1¿Í¤Î¥á¥ó¥Ð¡¼¤¬ÈèÏ«¥¯¥é¥Ã¥¯¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÀÚÃǤµ¤ì¤ë¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¤½¤ÎÈô¹Ôµ¡¤ÏÊø¤ì¤ë¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦ – ¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Êø²õ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¡Ö¶¶¤ÈÂ礭¤Êº®Íð¤ÎŤ¤½ªÎ»¤òɬÍפȤ·¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£¡×

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[http://www.designnews.com/article/CA6464926.html Minneapolis Interstate 35 Bridge Collapse: A Structural Failure?]

According to the report, the research was conducted because the approach spans of the bridge had exhibited ¡Èseveral fatigue problems; primarily due to unanticipated out-of-plane distortion of the girders.¡É Fatigue details on the main and floor truss systems had given researchers reason to analyze any fatigue cracking of the deck truss. ¡ÈStress ranges calculated ¡Ä are greater than fatigue thresholds for many of the details ¡Ä[details] include intermittent fillet welds, welded longitudinal stiffeners and welded attachments at diaphragms inside tension members,¡É the problem statement says.

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