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     However, then, Rome was peace.  Roman people was happy because of peace.  It was named "Pax Roamana" meaning "Peace of Rome."  Augustus made the water supplier, the roads for trade, and the plan of expanding city.  He made the aqueduct to become supplying water for people evenly.  Also, he established the road of trade because he had taken very seriously about trade.  He built a lot of temples.  He was pious, and he seemed to be able to talk with a God, Jupiter.  In addition, he named the temples his family's name.  It expressed his authority and influence.  Those three plans gave the large number of people a lot of income and jobs.  Poorer people were saved by those plans.  Also, he contributed to developing the Latin literature.  He often made justified with using literature.  Others of his achievements were Post officer, Police department, Fire Department, and City Prefect.  Roman Empire's culture and politics were developed by Augustus.  

     In August 19, 14A.D., he had died in Nola.  Before it, he designed Tiberius took over as successor of Augustus.  Tiberius took over smoothly, and all of legions pledged them allegiance to Rome and Tiberius.  Lastly, he deified Augustus.  From Augustus was selected as Caesar's successor, he defeated a lot of enemies and built his ideal state.  Also, his Empire maintained about 200 years, and his achievements is very strong effect today. 

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     After 30B.C., Octavian assumed a consul every year, and in 29B.C. he was given the name "Imperator." This means "Victorious General."  Then, Octavian had many strong power.  For example, he had the job of the chairman of the senate, legislative power, and so on.  Actually, he was the head of state.  However, suddenly, in 27B.C., he returned to the senate his all of public powers except, control of Hispania, Gaul, and Syria.  It was because those three districts were unstable, and the rebellions often happened, so keeping those districts means keeping official authority to command the legions.  In this time, Rome had returned to republic, but Octavian was still the most important position in the senate.  Therefore, he was given the name "Augustus" by the senate.  This meant "Dignified person."  This job had absolute power of Rome Empire, like "Emperor."  In addition, he was called "Princeps Senatus" meant "the First Person," in other words "The Greatest Person."  Also he got the job of "Imperium Proconsul." This job had all of the military authority to command.  From on then, he started to take the name "Impertor Caesar Augustus."  He had become the Emperor of Roman Empire.  In this way, he got legal authority.

     In 26 B.C., he went to Gaul and Hispania, and subjugated those districts' resistance.  He returned Rome in 24B.C., but he had fell seriously ill.  Originally, he had a weak constitution. However, in this time, he was dying.  However, thanks to a Greek doctor, Antony Musa, Augustus recovered.  Augustus could realize the faults of his government systems.  If the head of state died, there was fear of collapse his systems.  His system was dyarchy that was formed by the senate and the head of state.  Before that accident, he didn't touche the senate because of keeping an image of republicanism.  However, he decided to divide authority.  He stopped assuming the consul every year.  Instead, he assumed "Tribunicia Potestas"¡¡means "Protector of commoner."  This job's authority had veto power against everyone's power.  His authority became more strongly.Also he established the leaders of  Imperial Guard, in Latin "Praetrian."  It was controlled by Augustus.  From those things, he was able to establish the absolute monarchy.  

     In 20 B.C., Lucius Caesar was born, and in 18 B.C., Gaius Caesar was born. They ware Augustus' daughter, Julia's sons.  Augustus decided them to be adopted sons.  Their born made Augustus happy.  However, In 12B.C., his confidant, Agrippa had dead.  In addition, in 8B.C., Maecenas died.  Augustus' confidants  died.  

    His unhappiness was not stopped.  In 2B.C., Julia was into infidelity scandal, so she was banished.  Augustus was very angry and shocked.  In addition, Augustus' adopted sons died within 4A.D.  Therefore, he selected new adopted sons.  They ware Postumus and Tiberius.  However, Postumus was banished because he was too stupid.  

     Augustus also depressed at political side.  In 9A.D., one of the Roman general, Varus tried to conquer Germany tribes.  Varus led three legions.  Rome had had about twenty legions, so his army was very very large.  However, at the forest of Teutoburg, he was defeated, and killed.  Legions were annihilated.  On this defeat, the conquest Germany was collapsed.  This made Augustus shocked deeply.  

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     In 41B.C., Lucius Antony who was Marc Antony's brother knew that landowners were angry to Octavian, and he also hated Octavian because Octavian got strong authority, so he rose up in arms with landowners at Perugia. Then, Sextus Pompeius, one of the anti-Octavian person, had command of the seas, and obstructed Octavian's sea transport. Fulvia who was Marc Antony's wife cooperated Lucius and fulfilled an influented voice.  Lucius Antony managed eight legions.  However, Octavian's general, Agrippa defeated them, and he gained control of Perugia in 40B.C.  After that, Fulvia died, so Octavian planed marriage Octavian's sister, Octavia to Marc Antony.  Moreover, triumviri decided to decide the Roman world.  Octavian got the West Rome, and Marc Antony got the East Rome, and Lepidus got Africa. Their authority became stronger.

     However, Octavian had still some problems.  He had an enemy, Sextus Pompeius who had command of the seas.  Sextus hated Caesarian because Sextus' father had been defeated by Caesar, and died.  Octavian decided to remove Sextus because Sextus obstructed to exchange between Rome and other districts.  Agrippa tried to defeat Sextus, but he suffered a crushing defeats, so Antony sent reinforcements to Octavian.  In 36B.C., Agrippa fought against Sextus again, and attacked Sextus' base, Sicily.  In September 3rd, Agrippa got a decisive victory at the off sea of Naulochus.  Sextus escaped to Eastan, but he died. As the result, Octavian got the command of the seas, and able to bocome transporting crops from Africa.  In this time, Octavian's power exceeded Antony's one.  It was because Antony's territory was so far from the Rome(please refer the map.).  Marc felt crisis.  

     In 33B.C., the Second Triumvirate was finished, so the senate appointed two new consuls.  They were Antony's faction.  Then, Antony and him friends started to criticize Octavian. In addition, Antony divorced Octavia for getting along with Cleopatra, and he wrote in his will that his grave should be built in Egypt, and his successor was Cleopatra's son.  Those gave Roman the wrong impression.  However, he had some reasons.  One was that he really fell in love with Cleopatra.  Another one was Egypt had more rich soil than Rome.  In addition, Antony hated Octavian. It was because Octavian became successor of Caesar, so Antony felt envy.  Opposing with Antony, Octavian gained control the senate, and he also criticized Antony, and banished Antony and his friends form the senate.  They went into Antony's protection.

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Augustus Caesar

     Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus¡¡(B.C.63¡ÁA.D.14) was the first emperor of the Roman Empire.  He was adopted for Julius Caesar, and after Caesar's death, he changed Rome from the republic to the imperial government that was Caesar's aim.  He made the Golden Age of Rome, and peace of Rome  "Pax Romana."  Also, he got many political achivements that we can feel now.  This paper will examine Octavian's obscure days, his adoptive father Caesar's death, his joining the Second Triumvirate, his political strife against opponents, his becoming Emperor, and his political achievements. 

      Octavian was born in September 23 in 63B.C.  His father was Octavius , and his mother was Atia who was a niece of Julius Caesar who was the Roman lifelong dictator. Octavius was an ambitious man, but he died in 58B.C.  Then, Octavian was an obscure person, so there were not much historical records. In 45B.C., Octavian made two friends, Agrippa and Maecenas.  Agrippa would support Octavian in military because Octavian was not good at tactics.  Maecenas would support Octavian in culture: literature and the arts. In 44B.C., Caesar wanted to have Octavian, and Octavian became Caesar's adopted son.  The reason was mystery. Octavian wanted to join Caesar's expedition to Spain, but he was ill, so he late a few days to join this expedition.  Then, he took Agrippa with this expedition. It was his first campaign. 

     On March 15 in 44B.C., the biggest event for Octavian happened.  Julius Caesar was assassinated by republicians in other words "Anti-Caesarians" including Burutus and Cassius.  Then, Octavian was preparing for expedition to Parthia at Apollonia. Octavian hurried to Rome.  Caesar had written in his will that about Octavian was successor, so he was able to call-up  Caesar's ex-serviceman easily.  In this year, Marc Antony who was a Roman politician and general was a consul that was one of the strongest politician of Rome.  He had strong authority , and he was Caesar's friend, so in November Antony was surrounding Decimus Brutus at Modena because Brutus killed Caesar.  Cicero who was a greate Senate member turned against Antony as using Octavian.  Octavian had pretended to obey Cicero.  Cicero ordered Octavian and the consuls of 43B.C., Hirtius and Pansa, to defeat Antony in Battle.  They went to Modena to defeat Antony, and they defeated Antony's legion at two battles. It was called "The Battle of Modena."  However, two consuls were killed in those battles.  Therefore, people recognized the victory was Octavian's meritorious deed. Immediately, Octavian demanded the job of consul to Senate with Antony because the consuls were killed, and he wanted stronger authority.  It was his coup d'etat. Senate tried to fight against Octavian, but senate's legions went over to Octavian because Roman legions were faithful to Caesar.  As a result, he got consulship and the strongest authorities. 

     In 43B.C., Antony, Octavian and Lepidus who was one of Caesarian(those who agree for Caesar's thought) organized the Second Triumvirate.  They thought that the Second Triumvirate mission was to rebuild the confusion of Rome.  Then, Antony was very angry to the senate because they attacked Antony.  Therefore, Triumviri banished republicians of the senate members and executed 130 republician senate members including Cicero without the trial because republician was anti-caesarian. 

     Next, Triumviri started to revenge for Caesar.  They decided to dispose of Marcus Brutus who governed Crete and Cassius who governed Cyrenaica.  Those two people were the ringleaders of Caesar assassination.  Octavian organized military campaign.  Triumviri, meaning members of the Triumvirate, attacked Marc Brutus and Cassius, and confronted Triumvirate's army and Brutus and Cassius' army at Philippi in 42B.C.  The early stages of the battle, Burutus and Cassius were in favor.  However, them army lose, and  they killed themselves.  The triumviri won.  This battle was named "The Battle of Phillipi."  This meaned the finish of avenge.  After this, Octavian rewarded his armies.  However, it led that the landowner's anger because soldier became to manage the landowners' land.  In addition, anti-Octavian group started to disturb Octavian.  Those were the first campaign of them.