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以下は、自分のためのメモである。
＜習慣は絶対的なものではない。習慣は無視したり、変えたりすることができる。だが、習慣のループが発見されたことが重要であるのは、それが基本的な真実（ひとたび習慣ができると、脳が意思決定に参加しなくなるという事実）を明らかにしているからだ。脳は熱心に働くのを止め、他の作業に移る。意識的に意志的に習慣に逆らったり、新しいルーチンを見つけたりしない限り、無意識にその行動パターンが現れるのだ。＞
習慣のループというのは、
＜きっかけ＞ → ＜ルーチン＞ → ＜報酬＞
という一連の行動単位のことであり、その行動単位を支える＜条件づけ回路＞のことである。
Note（http://bookclub.kodansha.co.jp/books/honyaku/pdf/shukannochikara.pdf）記載に、
＜基底核とそれが習慣や記憶に果たしている役割への理解を深めるうえで、MITの研究所による研究や以下の資料が役立った。
・F. Gregory Ashby & John M. Ennis, “The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Category Learning”, Psychology of Learning andMotivation 46 (2006): 1-36;
・Ashby, Turner, & Horvitz, “Cortical and Basal Ganglia Contributions To Habit Learning and Automaticity”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (2010): 208-215;
・C. Da Cunha & M.G. Packard, “Preface: Special Issue On The Role of The Basal Ganglia in Learning and Memory,” Behavioural Brain Research 199 (2009): 1-2;
・C. Da Cunha et al., “Learning Processing In the Basal Ganglia: A Mosaic of Broken Mirrors,” Behavioural Brain Research 199 (2009): 157-170;
・M. Desmurget & R.S. Turner, “Motor Sequences and the Basal Ganglia: Kinematics, Not Habits,” Journal of Neuroscience 30 (2010): 7685-7690;
・J.J.Ebbers & N.M. Wijnberg, “Organizational Memory: From Expectations Memory to Procedural Memory,” British Journal of Management 20 (2009): 478-490;
・Grahn, Parkinson, & Owen, “The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Learning and Memory:Neuropsychological Studies,” Behavioural Brain Research 199 (2009): 53-60;
・Ann M. Graybiel, “The Basal Ganglia: Learning New Tricks And Loving It,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15 (2005): 638-644;
・Ann M. Graybiel, “The Basal Ganglia And Chunking of Action Repertoires,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 70, nos.1-2 (1998): 119-136;
・F. Gregory Ashby & V. Valentin, “Multiple Systems of Perceptual Category Learning: Theory and Cognitive Tests,” in Handbook of Categorization In Cognitive Science, eds. Henri Cohen & Claire Lefebvre (Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd., 2005;
・S.N Haber & M. Johnson Gdowski, “The Basal Ganglia,” in The Human Nervous System, Second Edition, eds. George Paxinos & Jürgen K. Mai (San Diego: Academic Press, 2004), 676-738;
・Barnes, Kubota, Hu, Jin, & Graybiel, “Activity of Striatal Neurons Reflects Dynamic Encoding And Recoding of Procedural Memories,” Nature 437, (2005): 1158-1161;
・M. Laubach, “Who’s On First? What’s On Second? The Time Course of Learning In Corticostriatal Systems,” Trends in Neurosciences 28 (2005): 509-511;
・E.K. Miller & T.J. Buschman, “Bootstrapping Your Brain: How Interactions Between the Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia May Produce Organized Actions and Lofty Thoughts,” in Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Second Edition, eds. Raymond P. Kesner & Joe L. Martinez (Burlington:Academic Press, 2007), 339-354;
・M.G. Packard, “Role of Basal Ganglia in Habit Learning and Memory: Rats, Monkeys, and Humans,” Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, eds. Heinz Steiner & Kuei Y. Tseng, 561-569;
・D.P. Salmon & N. Butters,“Neurobiology of Skill and Habit Learning,” Current Opinion In Neurobiology 5 (1995): 184-190;
・Shohamy, Myers, Onlaor, & Gluck, “Role of the Basal Ganglia in Category Learning: How Do Patients With Parkinson’s Disease Learn?” Behavioral Neuroscience 118 (2004): 676-686;
・M.T. Ullman, “Is Broca’s Area Part of a Basal Ganglia Thalamocortical Circuit?” Cortex 42 (2006): 480-485;
・N.M. White, “Mnemonic Functions of the Basal Ganglia,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 7 (1997): 164-169.
迷路の構造について。
・Ann M. Graybiel, “Overview at Habits, Rituals, and the Evaluative Brain,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 31 (2008), pp. 359-387;
・Barnes, Kabota, Hu, Jin, & Graybiel, “Activity of Striatal Neurons Reflects Dynamic Encoding and Recoding of Procedural Memories,” Nature 437 (2005), pp. 1158-1161;
・Ann M. Graybiel, “Network-Level Neuroplasticity in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Pathways,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 10 (2004), pp. 293-296;
・N. Fujii & Ann M. Graybiel, “Time-Varying Covariance of Neural Activities Recorded in Striatum and Frontal Cortex as Monkeys Perform Sequential-Saccade Tasks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2005), pp. 9032-9037.＞
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